Poety Essay

Poety Essay Poety Essay The purpose of a poem is for the author to illustrate a message to the reader. This message can be to entertain, to inform, to persuade/convince, or just to express their feelings in general. In the poems â€Å"Harlem†, written by Langston Hughes, and â€Å"Introduction to Poetry†, written by Billy Collins, both authors force the reader to examine themselves as the poem is being read. In the poem â€Å"Harlem†, the author allowed me to visualize what could happen to a dream that wasn’t utilized. On the other hand, the poem â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† symbolizes how the majority of people torture poetry. Langston Hughes does a better job with forcing the reader to examine themselves. His self- reflection has more impact on readers because of his imagination, life to words, and creativity. Imagination is the ability to think above and beyond the common. Langston Hughes does a better job at this in â€Å"Harlem† because he lists several outcomes for a deferred dream. In this poem he states â€Å"Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?† (Hughes 1) which illustrates his imagination level to compare such a dream to a raisin that is losing its existence. In the poem â€Å"Introduction to Poetry† Collins states, â€Å"I ask them to take a poem and hold it up to the light like a color slide† (Collins 1). His imagination level is very basic in this poem compared to Hughes. Hughes imagination level is incredible for the possible dreams whereabouts. Collins and Hughes use personification to give words life in their poems. In stanza five of "Introduction to Poetry", Collins' poem states, "†¦ tie the poem to a chair with rope and torture a confession out of it" (Collins 13). This quote illustrates that the poem is no longer seen as an expressed feeling on a sheet of paper, but a victim that is accused for a wrong message. The poem is not human, but Collins illustrates how people go about criticizing what they do not know. In "Harlem", Hughes provides life to the word "dream" as he asks the question "...or fester like a sore - and then run?" (Hughes 3). It is apparent that dreams do not have legs and cannot feel pain, but Hughes just gives the dream a human characteristic that grabs the reader's attention. Both of these authors did a

4 Medical Careers on a Major Upswing

4 Medical Careers on a Major Upswing embarking on a new career path can be nerve-wracking when you want that perfect combination–a job that both excites you and promises stability for years to come. health care jobs fit this high standard to a t. not only will you be part of a rapidly evolving care industry, but you also can rest assured that positions will continue to be in high demand. here are four health care jobs on a major upswing–the bureau of labor statistics projects about a 25% growth in these positions in the next year alone. and the best part? none of these jobs requires a college degree to get started–only a certificate from an accreditation program.1. dental assistantdental assistants work closely with patients all day and play a major role in making sure an office runs smoothly. they are often the information center for patients, explaining and prepping for procedures and maintaining medical records.2. medical assistanta medical assistant’s role vary depending on the specific o ffice, but responsibilities can cover everything from administrative work (coding, handing insurance information) to preparing patients for procedures and basic lab tests.3. administrative health specialistthis is an administrative position you might consider if you’re not as interesting in working hands-on with patients. specialists work in all corners of the industry to coordinate health care services.4. practical  nursingin contrast, licensed practical nurses (lpns) spend their days working directly with people in need. under the supervision of doctors and registered nurses, they provide medical and emotional support to patients all day.whether you’re looking to start your professional life or are on the hunt for a career change, the health care industry is filled with jobs that (no matter what happens to the economy around you) will continue to flourish.

International Dimensions Of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Dimensions Of Business - Essay Example Briefly, the Haier Company came in existence by the year 1984 in a Qingdao, in the Shandong province. Following this, the company specifically does manufacture home appliances over 15,100 products. Consequently, the above data did basis on 96 categories of different specifications. Back in 2006 April, the Haier firm had come to 6,189 mark of original technology products that they had manufactured. To add on that the company did acquire software certificates of about 589 from intellectual property rights. Essentially, the Haier products in marketed their products in over 100 different countries. Apparently, the Haier Company sponsored the Beijing 2008 Olympics games (Nancy & Allison, 2008, p.90). In summary, the company has its headquarters in the Shandong province at a place known as Qingdoa in the republic of china. Additionally, the company has almost 50,000 employees worldwide and has over 240 subsidiaries. Concerning the financial status, the company has revenue of about 103.4 bi llion RMB that is global. Consequently, this averages to 68% annual growth between the year of 1984 and 2005.Haier Company is the most profound company that has undergone dynamic changes. Furthermore, it is now the most successful company globally. Therefore, it is important for one study the company. The company gathers a range of issues that are comprehensive for one to learn. Some of the subsidiaries that came to be on the list were Qingdao Haier Company, limited on the stock exchange of the Shanghai as well as the Haier electronic group limited that was listed in the Hong Kong stock exchange. As most companies, the Haier had to have business tock as follows: manufacturing and product development, trade, research on technology and lastly the finance services. Notably, the company did stick on its line of production for several issues namely; freezers, microwave ovens, washing machines, televisions, computers, mobile phones and lastly commercial air conditioners. In the summary of the introduction Haier Company came into existence in the year 1984, in the Qingdao city in the province of Shandong, and lastly, it is in china. It was the first white goods company of the china republic and eventually, it did distribute its products in five continents, which are 160 countries. The company had over 70 thousand employees over the world. Ranking Subsequently, during the year of 2006, Haier Company was in 86th position out of 500 of most prominent brands. Notably one of its achievements was that this is the only company that came to top 100 positions consecutively for three years. It is noteworthy that the company improved its reputation in that it was the first among the Chinese brands to acquire appropriate recommendations in its financial reports globally by the year 2006. The reports came in generation by the Canada state and in addition, the group got world climate rewards from the U.S.in summery, this is few achievements of the Haier Company. The productions of the Haier Company Following this, the Haier Company did manufacture a wide range of products from refrigerating cabinets, air conditioners, computers, water heaters, and home theater, televisions, and mobiles phones among the many that have not been in mention. Furthermore, Haier is leading in the technology domains of home furniture that are integrated by intelligence, digitization, and extensive integration of circuits. Haier’ global branding deal Company did aim at getting to a position of local brand in several markets worldwide in concurrence with the superior competitiveness of the product in relation to tough corporate operation. International business structure comprises of the universal design network, production, distribution and as far as procurement of after sale services (Shaw & Onkvisit, 2008).

Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Statistics Project Example In this case, a description of the length of labor could have been initiated whereby the length of labor of one works would be considered as a random variable. A probability distribution that provides a description to such a random variable would them be initiated. 4. The distributions of scores for the experimental and control groups were not similar for the length of labor because the two means were different. The mean of the experimental group was 14.63 while that of the control group was 12.79, portraying a mean difference of 1.84 (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003). 5. The experimental and control groups were slightly in their type of feeding since in all types of feeding such as bottle feeding, breast feeding, as well as the combination of the two modes of feeding depicted a difference in their mode, as a measure of central tendency (Mann, 1995). Breast-feeding was found to have a mode of 40.6% for the experiment group against 41.7% for the control group, while bottle-feeding had a mode of 53.1% against 50.0% for the experimental group and control group respectively. On the other hand, the combination of both the breast and bottle-feeding showed a mode of 6.3 and 5.6 for the experimental group and the control group respectively (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003). 6. The marital status mode for the subjects in the experimental and control groups included 78.1% for the married subject in the experimental group, against 86.1% for the control group. The mode also included 3.1% for the separated/divorced subjects in the experimental group against 2.1% in the control group, and 18.8% for the single subjects in the experimental group, against 8.3 in the control group (Troy & Dalgas-Pelish, 2003). The frequencies for these three subject categories for the experimental groups against the control groups were 0.781 vs. 0.861, 0.031 vs. 0.021, and 0.188 vs. 0.083 for the married, separated/divorced, and single subjects respectively. 7. The median for the education data cannot be

Understanding the Motives and Benefits of Volunteer Vacationers Essay Example for Free

Understanding the Motives and Benefits of Volunteer Vacationers Essay With the growing trend of volunteer vacations, research has been warranted in regard to understanding the motivational factors of individuals who participate in such endeavors. With this understanding, the goal is to increase these travel offerings in the industry, which will bring better understanding between cultures. This study examines different travel motivation factors for someone who chooses to use part of their vacation participating in volunteer or humanitarian activities. Considering that ‘mission’ often has connotations of a religious purpose, the phrase ‘travelling with a purpose’ brings on even more significance as this concept expands. To understand travel motivation in general, a variety of scales and theories have been researched. Maslow, Dann, Iso-Ahola, Plog and Pearce are some included in the Literature Review. A qualitative focus group and semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted. The analysis of the data revealed that four main themes for why people traveled with a purpose emerged. Cultural immersion was a strong objective; the desire to give back; the camaraderie that occurs on volunteer vacations; and the fourth theme focused on family. Non-verbal communication and bonding occurs at several levels with the local people and family members. This is a good example of cultivating peace through tourism. Keywords: volunteer tourism, travel motivation factors, benefits, impacts Introduction The concept of ‘volunteer tourism’ is a growing trend in the tourism industry and is starting to draw attention from researchers and marketers alike (Wearing, 2003). In the United States, for instance, a broad variety of organisations offer volunteer vacations. They vary from tour operators to non-profit organisations. One of the longest published guides to these organisations, Volunteer Vacations, by Bill McMillon et al., listed only 75 such organisations in its first edition in 1987 (Campbell, 1999). In its newest edition, published in 2003, the number of organisations increased to 275. These organisations offer a wide spectrum of volunteer vacation experiences. Volunteer vacation destinations range from local to regional to global reach. Volunteer vacation costs range from $100 and under to $3000 and above, with project length from under one week to six months or more. While summer appears to be the most predominant travel season, there are packages and programmes pro vided in all seasons. Analysing how an organisation positions itself within the volunteer tourism sector may reveal factors that influence a potential tourist’s organisational choice. The organisational types of volunteer vacation experience suppliers are comprised of a mix of non-profit organisations and for-profit tour operators. Some examples 1368-3500/05/06 0479-19 $20/0  are ‘Cross-Cultural Solutions’ (www.crossculturalsolutions.org), ‘The American Hiking Society’ (www.americanhiking.org), and ‘Earthwatch’ (www.earthwatch. org). Types of projects offered for volunteers vary widely and include agriculture, archaeology, community development, conservation, construction, education and teaching, environmental protection and research, technical assistance, historic preservation, medical and dental, work camps. The nature of volunteer vacation offerings appear to be closely allied with the organisations’ respective missions and mandates. For instance, Ambassadors for Children (AFC), a not-for-profit charitable organisation based in Indianapolis, Indiana, offers global volunteer opportunities by providing trip opportunities for hands-on interaction with disadvantaged children of the world, balanced by opportunities for sightseeing and experiencing the native culture of the destination (www. ambassadorsforchildren.com). AFC has facilitated volunteer activities for passengers travelling to destinations like Mexico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Kenya, Haiti, Ecuador, Peru, Alaska, Vietnam, Belize, Guatemala, N ative American Reservations, and other communities in need. Humanity International seeks to eliminate poverty housing and homelessness from the world. Volunteers build houses together in partnership with families in need. Global Volunteers offer opportunities that include teaching conversation English, nurturing at-risk infants and children, renovating and painting community buildings, assisting with healthcare, and natural resource projects. Other organisations are geared more towards ecotourism such as Catalina Island Conservancy and Wilderness Volunteers, both giving back through stewardship of organising and promoting volunteer services. The commonality of the volunteer vacation suppliers appears to be the singularity of volunteering theme-focused experiences that reinforce organisations’ overall mission. Despite the growing popularity of volunteer tourism, systematic academic research in this field, particularly from the perspectives of the volunteer vacationers, is still in its infancy stage. Preliminary research appears to sugge st that volunteer tourism can take two different forms based on participants’ mindsets: the ‘volunteer-minded’ versus the ‘vacation-minded’ (Brown Morrison, 2003). The ‘volunteer-minded’ individuals tend to devote most or all of their vacation time to volunteer activities at the destination. Volunteerism is the central notion for them. This type of volunteer tourism is often called a mission or service trip. The second form of volunteer tourism takes on a lighter undertone where the individual is largely ‘vacation-minded’, but spends a small portion of the vacation on volunteer work at the destination. The term ‘VolunTourism’ refers to this type of tourism experience where a tour operator offers travellers an opportunity to participate in an optional excursion that has a volunteer component, as well as a cultural exchange with local people. These brief encounters have often proved to be the highlight of the individuals’ vacations. This latter form of volunteer tourism has gained popularity among tourists. While this classification scheme takes a simplistic approach, it provides a baseline for typology development of volunteer tourists. While there has been increasing research on volunteerism which sheds insights on motivational and destination choice factors of the ‘volunteerminded’ service trip participants, very little research has been con ducted on the ‘vacation-minded’ volunteer tourists. There is lack of conceptualisation and fundamental understanding of why individuals take part in volunteer work while  on a vacation trip. What motivates them? What benefits do they derive from the volunteer experience? What are the highlights of the volunteering experience? How do the volunteer activities influence their overall vacation experience and satisfaction? As a result, more research is warranted to fully understand this growing form of volunteer tourism. The focus of this research was on the ‘vacation-minded’ volunteer vacationers. The purpose of this study was to examine the motives that drive vacationers to participate in some form of volunteer or humanitarian activities while on a leisure vacation trip and the benefits that the volunteer tourists derive from the experience. This study also sought to broker the link between motivations for the general form of tourism and those for the volunteer vacationing. The outcome of this research was expected to contribute to better understanding of the destination choices and tourism experiences sought, thus bearing important implications for organisations that are targeting this particular market segment. Literature Review The literature review of this study was intended to provide some contextual background for the research. It centred around two key components of volunteer vacation: the tourism component and the volunteer component. More specifically, it dealt with the general leisure travel motivations and how they pertain to and interplay with volunteer tourism. Motivational scales To understand travel motivation, a variety of scales and theories have been proposed and empirically tested in tourism literature. The importance of motivation in tourism is quite obvious. It acts as a trigger that sets off all the events involved in travel (Parrinello, 2002). Many researchers have used motivational theory to try to interpret the motivations of tourists. On the premise that motivations derive from a real or perceived need, it is justifiable to analyse tourist choices of destinations and activities as a consequence of need deficiency (Burns Holden, 1995). Maslow’s ‘hierarchy of needs’ – self-actualisation, esteem needs, love needs, safety needs, and physiological needs forms the basis for further development and applications to understand travel behaviour and demand for tourism (Maslow, 1954, 1970). The decision to visit a destination is a complex amalgam of needs, motivating an individual to set and prioritise goals in a belief that achiev ing these will satisfy the perceived needs. One of the main reasons for the popularity of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is probably its simplicity (Hudson, 1999). This hierarchy could be related to the travel industry in the sense that unless individuals have their physiological and safety needs met, they are less likely to be interested in travelling the world to make a difference. Self-actualisation can, in fact, be considered the end or goal of leisure (Mill Morrison, 2002). Vacations offer an opportunity to re-evaluate and discover more about the self, to act out one’s self-image as a way of modifying or correcting it. Echoing Maslow, Pearce (1982, 1993) suggested that travel behaviour reflected a hierarchy of five levels of travel motives. The five levels of the Travel Career Ladder are: relaxation; stimulation; relationship; self-esteem/development; and fulfillment. As with a career at work, people start at different levels  and are likely to change levels during their lifetime. Pearce explicitly recognised that tourists’ travel motivation can be self-directed or other-directed; they do not always seek the same type of f ulfillment from travel, and that people can descend as well as ascend on the ladder. To what extent tourists do so from one trip to the next, or whether this only occurs over longer time periods, is not quite as clear (Oppermann, 2000). Classifying tourists into different typologies is an approach to link psychological motives to behaviour. The earliest model that forms the basis of tourism typology theory was established by Stanley Plog (1974). He constructed a cognitive-normative model based upon psychographic types. At one end of the continuum are psychocentric tourists and at the other end allocentric tourists. The allocentrics are explorers and adventure seekers, who tend to choose remote and untouched (by tourists) destinations. Middle-centrics are likely to display characteristics of a limited adventurer, but they want home comforts. It is this group that represents the mass tourist market. Psychocentrics dislike destinations that offer unfamiliarity or insecurity. It is suggested that the psychocentric is dominated by safety needs. Dann (1977) made a significant contribution in suggesting a two-tiered scheme of motivational factors: the ‘push’ and the ‘pull’. The push factors social-psychological motives that drive the desire to travel. The pull factors are external factors that affect where a person travels to fulfil the identified needs or desires. Dann suggested that anomie and ego-enhancement were the basic underlining reasons for travel. Crompton (1979) agreed with Dann’s basic idea of push and pull motives but went further to identify nine motives for travel. They were: the escape from a perceived mundane environment; exploration and evaluation of self; relaxation; prestige; regression; enhancement of kinship relationships; facilitation of social interaction; novelty; and education. He classified the first seven motives as push factors, and the last two as pull factors. There was no mention of the need for the authenticity of the destination. Mayo and Jarvis (1981) suggested that travel motivations could be divided into four categories: physical motivations such as rest, cultural motivations such as the desire for knowledge, interpersonal motivations such as the desire to meet people, and status and prestige motivations such as the desire for recognition. In 1983, Beach and Ragheb developed a model called the Leisure Motivational Scale, which sought to summarise motivators into four components, based on the work of Maslow. The four types of components were intellectual, social, competence-mastery, and stimulus-avoidance. The most recent motivational theories are founded on very complex interactive  models, which are based on personal and situational factors (Graumann, 1981; Schmalt, 1996). Behaviours are increasingly associated with life satisfaction, or perceived quality of life (Kernan Unger, 1987). Kernan and Domzal  (2001) believe that people express who/what they are, to themselves and to others, by engaging in action–leisure activities. Swarbrooke and Horner (2003) believe the main factors determining an individual tourist’s motivation are probably: personality, lifestyle, past experience, past life, perceptions and image. Changes which occur in an individual’s life stage may also have an impact on travel motives. Having a child, an increase or reduction in income, worsening health, and changing expectations or experiences as a tourist are circumstances that will affect motivation. Swarbrooke and Horner stated that no tourists are likely to be influenced by just one mo tivator. They are more likely to be affected by a number of them at any one time. Bello and Etzel (1985) investigated the role of novelty in pleasure travel. They argued that people with a low level of arousal in their daily routines seek a higher level of arousal in their vacation (a novel trip), whereas those people who lead a hectic, fast-paced life with frequent problems and challenges seek vacations that provide a minimum of stimulation and/or a familiar environment. Similarly, Wang (2000) emphasised  that holidaymaking is an institution of escape. It is freedom from the modernised mode of existence that is associated with rigid schedules, deadening routines, and stressful deadlines. People on holiday have entry into an alternative track of tempos and rhythms. They have freedom to change. The motivation to travel is to have a specific lifestyle separate from the routines of daily life. Understanding tourism motivation is important. It acts as a trigger that sets off all the events involved in travel (Parrinello, 2002). In other words, it represents the whys and the wherefores of travel in general, or of a specific choice in particu lar. The extensive literature on leisure travel motivation provides a solid theoretical background and some guidelines for studying the volunteer vacation phenomenon in this general tourism motivational context. Volunteering and volunteer vacations Volunteering has been a buzzword for some time for many socially oriented individuals both in the US and throughout the world. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 63.8 million people volunteered from September 2002 to September 2003, an almost 7% increase from the previous year. Women are more likely than men to volunteer, and individuals between the ages of 35 and 44 years old make up the largest group of volunteers (Kellicker, 2004). Stebbins defines volunteering as ‘un-coerced help offered either formally or informally with no or, at most, token pay done for the benefit of both the people and the volunteer’. Similarly, other definitions of volunteering have included the recognition that volunteers are those who provide assistance, or unpaid service, usually for the benefit of the community (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1986). Others emphasise the characteristics of the action perceived as freely chosen, without financial gain and generally aimed at hel ping others (Stebbins, 1982, 1992; Van Til, 1979). In terms of the volunteering process, the ‘American model’, proposed by Leopold (2000) starts with what is needed and then recruits volunteers to do the work. In Europe there is a membership tradition where everything starts with the members. It is up to the members to decide what to do. Regardless, volunteering has been viewed as beneficial to the well-being of the  volunteers (Cnaan et al., 1996; Stebbins, 1982; Thoits Hewitt, 2001). Volunteering gives participants a  sense of purpose, provokes serious contemplation, encourages concern for others, provides the opportunity to further an interest, and generates a sense of deep personal fulfilment (Stebbins Graham, 2004). Stebbins (1992) suggests that volunteering bears durable benefits for the volunteer such as self-actualisation, self-enrichment, recreation or renewal of self, feelings of accomplishment, enhancement of self-image, self-expression, social interaction and belongingness. Thoits and Hewitt (2001) empi rically examine how volunteering affects six different dimensions of well being: levels of happiness; life satisfaction; self-esteem; sense of control over life; physical health; and depression. Their research reveals that people who are in better physical and mental health are more likely to volunteer, and conversely that volunteer work is good for both mental and physical health. People of all ages who volunteer are happier and experience better physical health and less depression. Broad (2003) suggested that volunteers were more open to positive attitude changes when exposed to a different culture, which may explain why volunteers frequently reported becoming more broad-minded, content, and relaxed, and less selfish and psychocentric as outcomes of volunteering, along with a changed way of looking at the world. Stebbins  (1982, 1992, 2004) has conducted some pioneering work in conceptualising volunteerism in the context of leisure. There continues to be much research in regard to serious leisure volunteers and their motivation to volunteer as well as the fulfilment they derive from their diverse pursuits. Stebbins believes that the motivational reasons and socioeconomic conditions vary vastly with different demographic categories of people taking up volunteering. Each category is rather differently motivated, but the twin motives of altruism and self-interest are common to all categories. In his consideration of ‘serious leisure’, Stebbins points out that it is an important part of people’s lives in its relation to personal fulfilment, identity enhancement and self-expression (1982). Since volunteering in many cases involves some form of travel, the phenomenon has been examined closely in the context of tourism. The term ‘volunteer tourism’ refers to tourists who volunteer in an organised way to undertake holidays that involve ‘aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society, the restoration of certain environments, or research into aspects of society or environment’ (Wearing, 2001). Volunteer tourism has also been viewed as a form of alternative tourism or ecotourism emphasising the sustainable, responsible and educational undertone of the activity (Moskowitz, 1995; Wearing, 2001). Wheelan (1991), for instance, suggested that ‘ecotourists represent a potential army of recruits with free time and money to spend on sustainable development efforts’. Further, volunteer tourism experience has been viewed as a contextual platform for the intertwining interactions among the ecotourism element, the volunteer element, and the serious leisure element (Stebbins, 1982, 1992; Wearing, 2001). Travelling overseas as a volunteer appears to have begun around 1915 (Beigbeder, 1991; Clark, 1978; Darby, 1994; Gillette, 1968). Although most of the literature in this field has focused on profiling the volunteering tourist ( Brown Morrison, 2003; Wearing, 2003), there has been increasing interest in understanding vacation volunteers’ motives and the benefits derived. Exploratory research on volunteer vacationers suggests that their motivations appear to be similar to long-term volunteers, but the relative value of various factors can differ, with  self-actualisation being very important for short-term volunteers (Gazley, 2001). Brown and Morrison (2003) propose that a volunteer vacation helps heal ‘corporate burnout’ by providing the individual with a sense of accomplishment outside the workplace. The role of peace appeared to be another discussed benefit. And, according to Bud Philbrook (pers comm), president and CEO of Global Volunteers, volunteer service engenders hope and friendship, both of which are crucial to waging peace: ‘The more people volunteer all over the world and make friends with local people, the more peaceful the world will be.’ However, alongside ‘service trips’ or ‘mission trips’, where the primary purpose of the trip is volunteering and individuals spend the majority of the trip participating in volunteer work at the destination, there is also a lighter form of volunteer vacation that is gaining popularity. Here, the main purpose of the trip remains largely as a leisurely vacation, but the tourists also spend a small component of their leisure time on volunteer work at the destination. This form of volunteer vacation, although not a new practice, has gained increasing popularity. Rather than taking up a trip just for volunteer work, these groups of individuals join leisure-oriented vacation packages that provide a volunteering component as part of the itinerary. Tourism theories and research have ranged from micro-social-psychological  explanations to macro-social explorations concerning the globalisation of tourist venues. Given the rise of volunteer tourism, tourism practitioners have begun to strategically incorporate volunteering activities into their product planning. Some market-sensitive travel companies are offering leisure tour packages with optional excursions that allow tourists to participate in volunteer work. However, empirical research for this type of volunteer vacation is very limited. Many questions remain to be answered. For instance, what motivates vacationers to spend part of their vacation working at the destination? Are their motivations similar to the service trip or mission trip volunteers? What benefits do vacationers derive from participating in volunteer activities? And what are the highlights of the volunteer experience? Does the volunteer experience enhance the overall vacation experience? This research, there fore, was aimed at further exploration of these important issues. Study Objectives The objectives of this study were threefold. They were to discover: (1) What are the motivational push factors that drive some leisure tourists to seek volunteer experience during their leisure trip? To what extent do these motives differ or coincide with the general tourism motives? (2) What are the perceived benefits that vacation tourists derive from participating in volunteering activities at the destination? To be more specific, what are the immediate impacts participacting has on the overall vacation satisfaction? To what extent does it transcend the temporal boundary and exert long-term influence on the individuals? Methods This research adopted focus group and in-depth personal interview approaches, instead of a more quantitative approach such as structured surveys. The researchers believe this is an area of investigation that is at its exploratory stage. There are no proven measurements or theories for researching this particular phenomenon. In addition, unlike traditional quantitative research, focus group and in-depth personal interviews are centrally concerned with understanding attitudes rather than measuring them. In an academic sense, the goal of a focus group or personal interview is also to gain access to more inclusive sets of feelings and emotions that a structured instrument could not capture. These research methods are more direct, sensitive, and interactive in nature in assessing attitudes, motivations and opinions. Thus, it was believed that qualitative research methods would facilitate better in-depth understanding of motivational factors of volunteer vacationers instead of merely obtai ning the distant panoramic view through quantitative channels. It was hoped that that these approaches would draw out the ‘motivational factors’ behind the ‘top of mind’ opinions – which is critical to understanding what is driving volunteer vacation. A focus group session was conducted in May 2004. The focus group was composed of nine people with ages ranging from 40 to 72: four males and five females. All were married. The focus group attendees  were from a variety of life situations ranging from an engineer, healthcare consultant, and business owner, to a retiree, stay-home mother, and community volunteer. While university education appeared to be the norm for the group, the participants’ educational background varied by level from high school education to PhD. The diversity in backgrounds of the participants was intended to reveal different insights and opinions on the volunteer tourism issue. A few commonalities brought the group together. They all had extensive leisure travel experiences. They had a shared interest and passion for travel. All had participated in volunteer work while on a leisure trip. The volunteer experience ranged from visiting an orphanage and volunteering at local hospitals to participating in Habitat for Humanity projects. The volunteering experiences occurred during leisure vacation trips but the volunteering locations varied from domestic desti nations such as New Mexico and Alaska to international destinations such as Guatemala, Cuba, and Brazil. The focus group participants were asked to share their thoughts. The discussion centred around three issues: (1) Why would an individual become involved with using part of his or her vacation for volunteering activities? What are his or her motivations? (2) What are the highlights of the volunteer experience? (3) What are the benefits and impacts of the vacation volunteering experiences? In order to separate motivational factors from beneficial factors resulting from volunteer vacation experience, we conducted a second focus group session that  was made up of three males and three females who were first-time participants of volunteer vacation. This focus group was conducted in June 2004, before the individuals departed for their first volunteer vacation trip. Both focus group sessions were video and audio-taped. Transcripts were made by a graduate research assistant who was also present at both focus group sessions. Following the focus group sessions, the researchers conducted 10 in-depth personal interviews with individuals who had participated in volunteer work on a vacation trip. The interview sessions lasted approximately 30 minutes each and were audio-taped and subsequently transcribed. The purposes of supplementing the focus group sessions with in-depth interviews were three fold: (1) it was felt that in-depth personal interview allows more time and space for personal reflection on the part of the interviewee; (2) it was logistically flexible to include and capture the viewpoints of the younger individuals that felt underrepresented in the focus group sessions; and (3) employing a multi-method approach (focus group plus in-depth personal interview), researchers could cross-validate the themes and patterns of the findings from the focus group sessions. Based on the review of literature in volunteerism and volunteer tourism, as well as the results of the focus group session, the personal interviews took on a semi-structured format with a list of 15 open and semi-open questions that centred on motivational factors and impacts of volunteer vacation. All 25 study subjects were members of Ambassador Travel Club, the largest travel club in the US, and were recruited to participate in the study on a voluntary basis. The researchers considered different approaches for the text data analysis. Text analysis software tools such as CATPAC were initially considered. However, the researchers felt that the computer-aided, more quantifying approach does not seem to handle well the complexity of language context, the dynamics of the group interaction and the richness of relationships revealed in the text data. As a result, a decision was made to use the more traditional approach of content analysis. Both researchers analysed the transcripts simultaneously but independently. The results were later compared and compiled together. This effort, while more time consuming, resulted in a more consistent interpretation of the text data and increased the reliability of the study. Results The motivator: Why volunteer while on vacation? Using the multi-method approach, four major motivational themes appear to take shape concerning why individuals volunteer while on a leisure trip: cultural immersion, giving back, seeking camaraderie and seeking educational and bonding opportunities. Cultural immersion When asked, ‘Why volunteer while on vacation?’ it was found that being able to physically and emotionally immerse oneself in the local culture and community is a strong motivational factor. It was a common sentiment from the research subjects that participating in volunteer work provided the travellers with invaluable opportunities to immerse themselves in a local culture to a degree that would not be possible without the first-hand interaction with the local people  and community through volunteer work. These volunteering experiences enable travellers to experience and learn beyond the typical tourism platform, where one is surrounded by staged settings typified by beautiful beaches and fancy resorts, to see the people as they really are, their lives and their living environment. It appeared that volunteer travellers tended to attach strong value to seeking and experiencing authenticity of a place. They also demonstrated their insatiable curiosity about other people a nd places and their belief that working and interacting with the local people and communities leads to opportunities to become immersed in local culture and connect with the local people in a more profound way. As a result, long-term relationships and friendships were built between the hosts and the visitors as testified by the participants: I’m a doer, you know. I like to do stuff for people and it gave me a chance to do that. And also, you know, as other people said, to really get immersed into the community and I think when you work with people you really can see the real aspects of the population there much more so than, you know, in a hotel lobby. And so on even if you are friendly and outgoing and so on, you just don’t get to really know what peoples’ lives are like and this gave us such an opportunity to do that and get acquainted and make relationships. Giving back and making a difference The second motivational theme that emerged was the desire to give back and reach out to the less privileged. Many participants felt that they do well in life and wanted to give back. Spending time to help people in need is a good way to just do that. ‘A trip with a purpose’ is appealing to participants because it offers them a chance to help with the less fortunate instead of pure self-enjoyment. It appears individuals who are seeking a ‘purpose-driven life’ as put by one of the focus group participants, are drawn to the notion that volunteer vacation serves as a means to give back to society. So I decided to do it because I do well in life and I like to give back. I enjoy doing that kind of work and so I think my main reason was it’s time to start giving back again.  My daughter and I went. My husband and I have been lucky enough to travel a lot, and I just got to thinking that it’s really nice to go just and lay on the beach and have people wait on you and I really enjoy it, don’t get me wrong. And we also enjoyed immersing yourself in the culture through taking bicycle trips but it just seemed to be kind of selfish, so I thought maybe it would be nice to be a little unselfish. Seeking camaraderie A third motivational theme attests to the camaraderie that is sought on volunteer vacations. For well-travelled individuals, these trips bring together the ‘most enjoyable groups’, according to half of the study subjects. Meeting and interacting with people from the same travel group who share common interests and values appear to be major motives behind volunteer vacation. Many interviewees and focus group members concurred that travelling with people with similar minds and making friends certainly added value and enjoyment to the overall leisure trip experience. ‘Working with fellow group members in the volunteer And you know you are working side by side with a lot of good people. It also shows other cultures that Americans are willing to give in a physical way, in terms of getting down and dirty. Folks from Guatemala were taken back by the fact we were working. I think it is just another way of making ourselves ambassadors for the good people in our society. Seeking camaraderie appeared to be a sentiment voiced by the majority of the first focus group as a stronger motivator for volunteer vacations. However, considering the first focus group participants were composed of individuals who had various levels of prior volunteer vacation experiences, the researchers were concerned that seeking camaraderie could be attributed more to a ‘benefit’ factor than a ‘motivational’ factor. That is, would individuals actually choose volunteer vacation because they anticipate building new friendships or was it a benefit realised in retrospect resulting from the vacation volunteer experience? The researchers conducted a second focus group with six individuals prior to their first volunteer vacation. The second focus group appeared to confirm that meeting with and having a good time with people of similar interests was one of the motivational aspects that they were looking forward to. As one participant put it: ‘It is about blending good hard work and volunteering with some fun activities wrapped around it and know that there will be some pretty neat people doing the same thing.’ Seeking educational and bonding opportunities for children The volunteer vacationers appear to be also motivated by the educational and family-bonding opportunities that volunteer vacation experience presents. In the case where volunteer vacationers travelled with their children, informants agreed that the volunteer experience was an opportunity for them to impart their value system to their children. They believed that the volunteer experience they shared with their children can teach children that there are people in the world who are less fortunate, that there is broad diversity in the world, and that material items should be of minimal importance. Informants also believe that the volunteer experience helps teach children the value of giving, an important component in life. It is  apparent that participating in volunteer work with children while on vacation is perceived as having an educational component for the younger generation as testified by one participant: Well, in conjunction with the father–daughter bonding quality time to spend with my daughter, the thing that appealed about Ambassadors for Children for me was that many of our children live in a privileged world compared to the rest of the world. And I wanted my daughter to understand the environment, the social issues, the lack of any kind of parenting that some of these children are exposed to, just to give her a better understanding of the world outside, of course, the sheltered environment that many of us live in. And Ambassadors for Children sort of fit that bill. It was something that I could actively participate in instead of serving on a committee. That attracted me to Ambassadors for Children initially and  now it is that I can have hands-on experience with the children and share those experiences with my family also. Another related, but distinct, motivational factor is seeking better bonding opportunities with children. Volunteering together with children appears to be a very good interacting context for parents and their children and/or  grandchildren. For many interviewees and focus group members, it is very important to be able to spend quality time with loved ones, especially children or grandchildren, and taking a volunteer vacation together appears to enable them to achieve that goal. A volunteer experience builds a special shared experience with children, as echoed by one father: Initially I became involved with Ambassadors for Children because I’m a father and I have daughters. And there were so many things I could do with my son athletically. I coached sports. I’m involved obviously in games and things with my son all the time. But for a father sometimes there are limits how he can interact with his daughters. So I wanted to look at something my daughter and I could do together other than going to the mall or going shopping or going to the beach. So I looked into Ambassadors for Children and that’s how I initially got involved in it. The benefits and impact of volunteer vacations It appears to be consensual among all participants that the volunteer component of the vacation became, in fact, the highlight of the total vacation experience: This personal interaction with the family, and their obvious appreciation of having a home and having people that they didn’t know willing to help them – that made the whole experience. I think again that the self-fulfillment and the memories you bring back of what happened between you and the people that you met to me are wonderful. And you think of travel and the beautiful sites you’ve seen, but the kids’ faces are the most beautiful. I think the vacation was fun! I just think it (the volunteer experience) was another element to bring to it that was even neater. It just gave you a little more culture and that puts you in direct touch with the people and that helps you talk to them a little more. It was a lot of fun. I think there’s a great number of people who are looking for new experiences. In other words you can only lay on the beach so many times, you can only stay in nice hotel so many times and although that’s good and it’s good to  get away I think people many people are looking for new experiences and here’s an opportunity for you to travel to have a vacation experience and at the same time take a small time out of that vacation experience and do something that is meaningful, and do something that last in your memory and do something that makes a difference. The volunteering component of the leisure vacation seems to have become a vacation experience enhancer in multiple ways. First, meeting and interacting with people with shared interests from the same travel group has added value to  the overall leisure trip experience. It was brought out repeatedly that participants genuinely enjoyed the interaction and group dynamics of their travel companies. This type of travel companionship and interaction appears to enhance the enjoyment of the overall leisure trip. Second, volunteer vacationers discovered that material needs were of minimal importance and the little things that happen such as the exchange of love, care, curiosity, understanding, and appreciation were the highlights of their trips. Third, in a broader sense, the volunteer vacationers became the ambassadors for their own country. The helping and commitment appeared to provide a window for international communities to understand the American people, projecting  the friendly, g enerous and helpful American image as was attested by one informant. . . . But I always want the children to know and understand that we’re from the US, that we represent American people that we’re being American interest there . . . People have done things for them that they didn’t have to do. They’ve taken their time their money and their energy to help these people. And maybe some day that will make a difference. Maybe instead of someone having bad thoughts about the US they can remember there were people that came here for me and helped me from a dental standpoint, from a medical standpoint, from a clothing standpoint, or whatever, and maybe they won’t have such a negative bias towards the US like so many people do these days. When asked whether there were any enduring benefits or impacts from their volunteer vacation experiences, the study participants also agree that the impact permeates beyond the vacation trip itself. A sense of self fulfilment and personal growth are among the most mentioned enduring effects: You go thinking you are going to help people makes their lives better. But you end up getting far more out of it than you put in. It is a real blessing. I don’t know how to put it into words but it went above and beyond my expectations I guess. What I expected to get out of it and how it still affects me today three years later and my friend that went with me how its changed her life dramatically its just one of those things that blows me away when I look back it was just a beginning point for what I can see myself doing in the future and for her as well. Another common sentiment is that the shared volunteering experience appeared to have an enduring effect on enhancing family relationships. Well its helped me to in some ways to communicate with my children that the life that they have is a very privileged life and a lot of people don’t have even the percentage of opportunity or life that they’re able to enjoy. I don’t think children get that by seeing it on television, I think children have to have a personal relationship with particularly young children have to have personal experiences to help you communicate with them. The one thing that I do notice is we have a lot of stuff around the house. We’ve collected bits and pieces. But stuff that we’ve gotten on these trips has fairly prominent locations and all of it tends to say, ah . . . that was a neat  experience. They are reminders. There’s a Guatemalan embroidery here, and a Cuban picture there, and a picture from Brazil. It’s a great shared experiences when you get back to, you know, talk about it. When we talked and shared pictures with friends and so on to remember the, you know even if we didn’t always do the same thing. We were there at the same time and saw a lot of the same things and met a lot of the same people and had very much the same feelings. That’s a neat thing to share and compare. Many informants also emphasised the realisation of the stark differences in material life: ‘how privileged we are versus them’. The transcending effect is especially apparent among the younger informants. In the individual in-depth interview sessions with individuals in their teens and early 20s, informants agreed that the volunteering experience went beyond their expectations for the trip, and impacted their lives in a profound way. For instance, several interviewees said that their future career choices would be influenced as a result of their volunteering experiences. It challenged me. It opened my eyes to other parts of the world. My passion for children and missionary work has grown. My friend who went with me is now in Uganda on a mission! It just brings you back that basic humanity with everything else stripped away, we are just the same and that is exciting and encouraging. I see them in God’s eyes. We’re all the same. We have the same needs, the same wants, the same desires and same fears. They want family just as much as I do. Discussions and Conclusion Using qualitative focus group and personal interview approaches, this study examined the motivational and benefit factors of volunteer tourism from the perspectives of vacationers who spend a small proportion of their trip volunteering at the destination. More specifically, we sought to understand what the underlying psychological factors are and whether they are similar to or different from two phenomena: (1) volunteerism – those of pure missionary or service trips where individuals devote the entire or the majority of their time to volunteer work, and (2) mainstream tourism where individuals travel for pure leisure purposes. The goal of the research was to broker the linkages between volunteer vacation motives, mainstream tourism motives, and volunteerism travel motives. The findings of this research appear to suggest some similarities as well as differences between the ‘volunteer-minded’ travellers and the ‘vacationminded’ travellers. The motivatio ns of the volunteer vacationers appear to be conforming to some degree to volunteering motives in general in such aspects as ‘personal fulfilment’, ‘identity enhancement and self-expression’ (Stebbins, 1982, 1992, 2004), ‘promoting peace’ (Philbrook, pers comm) and ‘cultural exchange’(Broad, 2003). However, this study also revealed factors that appear to be specific to the phenomenon of volunteer vacationing. For instance, volunteer vacationers appear to attach high values to the opportunities for educating children and bonding with family members. Seeking camaraderie also appears to be a strong sentiment that is reflected in both motivational and benefit discussions  among the participants. Further, volunteer vacationers seem to be driven by sense of adventure and desires for exploration and novelty, that are not as prominent with the more serious volunteer travellers. Borrowing Plog’s (1974) theorisation, the volunteer vacationers can also be labelled as allocentrics – explorers and adventure seekers, who tend to choose remote and untouched destinations. While both groups have demonstrated certain altruistic motives, the notion of altruism for the volunteer vacationers is much less apparent. Using an ethnographic case study approach, Broad (2003) examined the relationship between volunteers, their volunteering experiences and the outcomes that eventuated. Broad’s study subjects were serious volunteers in Phuket, Thailand. His study found that just under two-thirds of volunteers were motivated by an ‘altruistic desire to help’, although other motives similar to the volunteer vacationers were also present such as working with like-minded people, or a desire to develop personality as a result of volunteering. Interestingly, serious volunteers also indicated that their volunteering was at least partly motivated by a desire to travel and a chance to experience a new culture. This study also revealed some intriguing patterns of the interplay between the general leisure travel motivation and motivational factors underlining  volunteer vacation. It appears that the motivational factors for volunteer vacation intertwine with multiple layers of general leisure vacation motivation. While volunteer vacationers demonstrate that there is a definite notion of self-actualisation and authenticity, the highest level of needs as per Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, the volunteer vacationers appear to also be strongly motivated by lower-level factors such as love and social needs as well as learning needs. Another interesting observation is that the volunteer vacation motivational factors appear to follow the directional argument about self- and others-directed motivations, as proposed by Pearce (1982) in his ‘travel career ladder’ model. This investigation showed that the motivational factors were largely driven from two different aspects: sel f-directed – acquaint, learn, feel better, self-actualise; other-directed – help, connect, understand. The benefits resulting from the volunteer vacation experience also seem to align with the directional argument. They can be grouped as self-enhancement (such as becoming a better person) and other-enhancement (such as imparting values on children). This study also adds a new dimension to this post-modern tourism phenomenon and is in line with trends that mass tourism is in more of a spiritual search and a desire for travel opportunities that increase the sense of place. While the increasingly popular ecotourism experiences emphasise the notion of learning, environmental obligation and social responsibility, which breaks away from the mass commodified tourism products, volunteer vacations present an altruistic theme in which participants can make a difference and help others. What is the significance of spending only a small proportion of time volunteering during a holiday? The volunteer vacation purports an infusion of an ideological divergence from the market-driven priorities of mass tourism. This divergence, however unintentional, seems to converge well with the societal needs of the fast-paced, stress-driven contemporary world. Individuals are in fact increasingly using tourism, especially experiences with a strong spiritua l notion, as a means of improving their home life, rather than merely escaping from it. This  could explain the rapid growth of volunteer vacation as a travel phenomenon in recent years. The benefits derived from the volunteer vacation appear to be temporary or enduring in nature. Temporary or immediate benefits could be having a higher level of satisfaction with the overall leisure trip as a result of the volunteering experience. The enduring benefit effects centre around the developments of both self and others, as well as social relationship enhancement. The social interactions pertaining to the volunteer vacation domain appear to enhance relationships in a multifaceted manner: (1) Interacting with people from the destination community promotes mutual understanding and appreciation and friendship. (2) Interacting with travel group members with similar interests and values promotes friendship and peer bonding. (3) Interacting with family members, such as spouse and children, promotes healthier family relationships and tighter bonding. This research contributes to the tourism literature by brokering the linkages between the volunteering, volunteer vacationing, mass tourism vacationing and motivation to travel. The volunteer vacation phenomenon appears to bridge the altruistic motives of volunteering with the general commodified tourism experiences. In this regard, the outcome of this research also bears some practical implications for the tourism industry practitioners.  Volunteer vacation seems to provide a new avenue for tourism satisfaction. As demonstrated in this research, this concept brings about a higher level of trip satisfaction for the participants. We are identifying a new and unique market segment that is neither a pure leisure trip nor a pure volunteer experience. Implementing this concept will create authentic cultural experiences unlike any other in the industry. This philosophy and practice of volunteer tourism can be linked to the mainstream tourism with its focus on market priorities. The outco me of this hybridised approach in the global marketplace of tourism can potentially generate new market dynamics and promises while enabling every traveller to be an ambassador for peace. The authors acknowledge that while this research presents an interesting snapshot of the emerging volunteer vacation phenomenon, the generalisability of the research outcome is limited, as it is based on a small sample from one organisation with qualitative methodologies such as focus groups and personal interviews. Substantially more research is needed in this area to better attempt to understand the dimensionalities of the motivational and benefit factors of volunteer tourism and the interplay of mass tourism motives and volunteer motives. To achieve this goal and increase internal and external validities of the research findings, more stringent measurement scales will be developed based on the qualitative analyses and extensive literature review. Quantitative approaches based on structured measurements and more inclusive or representative samples should be adopted. Nonetheless, this research serves as an excellent baseline for more statistically rigorous follow-up research which s hould produce broader inferences in this specialised field of tourism studies. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (1986) Volunteering in NSW. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. Beach, J. and Ragheb, M.G. (1983) Measuring leisure motivation. Journal of Leisure Research 15 (3), 219–28. Beigbeder, Y. (1991) The Role and Status of International Humanitarian Volunteers and Organizations. London: Martinus Nijhoff. Bello, D.C. and Etzel, M.J. (1985) The role of novelty in the pleasure travel experience. Journal of Travel Research Summer, 20–26. Broad, S. (2003) Living the Thai life – A case study of volunteer tourism at the Gibbon Rehabilitation Project, Thailand. Tourism Recreation Research 28 (3), 63–72. Brown, S. and Morrison, A. (2003) Expanding volunteer vacation participation. An exploratory study on the mini-mission concept. Tourism Recreation Research 28 (3), 73– 82. Burns, P. and Holden, A. (1995) Tourism: A New Perspective. London, New York: Prentice Hall. Campbell, K. (1999) You name it volunteers do it. Christian Science Monitor 91 (60), 19. Clark, K. (1978) The Two-way Street – a Survey of Volunteer Service Abroad. Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Council for Educational Research. Cnaan, R.A., Handy, F. and Wadsworth, M. (1996) Defining who is a volunteer: Conceptual and empirical considerations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 25, 364–83. Crompton, J. (1979) Motivations for pleasure vacations. Annals of Tourism Research 6, 408– 24. Dann, G. (1977) Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 4, 184– 94. Darby, M. (1994) International development and youth challenge: Personal development through a volunteer experience. 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Graham (eds) Volunteering as Leisure, Leisure as Volunteering – An International Assessment. Oxon: CABI. Stebbins, R.A. and Graham, M. (eds) (2004) Volunteering as Leisure, Leisure as Volunteering – An International Assessment. Oxon: CABI. Swarbrooke, J. and Horner, S. (2003) Consumer Behavior in Tourism. Oxford: ButterworthHeinemann. Thoits, P.A. and Hewitt, L.N. (2001) Volunteer work and well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 42, 115–31. Van Til, J. (1979) In search of volunteerism. Volunteer Administration 12, 8–20. United States Department of Larbor Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2003) Volunteering in the United States. On WWW at http//www.bls.gov/newsrelease/volun.nr0.htm. Accessed 07.07.04. Wang, N. (2000) Tourism and Modernity. Oxford: Elsevier Science. Wearing, S.L. (2001) Volunteer Tourism: Seeking Experiences That Make a Difference. Wallingford: CABI. Wearing, S.L. (2003) Editorial. Tourism Recreation Research 28 (3), 3–4.

Genetic Engineering: Perfect Body or Perfect Sin? :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Genetic Engineering: Perfect Body or Perfect Sin? New advancements in science happen everyday. Products may include medicines, fertilizers, household cleaners, durable materials, and more. One of the most controversial issues in the world of science is genetic engineering. Scientists say genetic engineering may bring large advantages to humans and the way they live. Critics argue that genetic engineering can mean the destruction of the pure human being. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages in genetic engineering but disaster can be avoided if extreme caution is practiced. When people used to think of genetic engineering, they thought of genetically enhanced superior food products. That all changed after Dolly, the cloned sheep, was introduced to the world. The recent advances in genetics sparked conversation about cloning human beings. Scientists believe that genetic engineering in humans is the answer to the multitude of problems that millions face everyday. Hereditary baldness, heart problems, mental disorders, and a lot more genetic diseases would cease to exist. The perfect world isn't that far away. So what could possibly go wrong in a perfect world made up of genetically enhanced organisms? Critics fear that disease-producing organisms used in food products might develop worldwide epidemics. The catholic church says that human cloning is morally wrong. Others don't want a perfect world. They argue that the ill-bred humans will take away our right to suffer. According to critics, genetically changing the structure of a living thing isn't worth the risk or sin. The perfect physical world is nearer than anyone can imagine. The anticipated problems can be resolved before they even happen. Epidemics can be avoided by careful procedure, supervision, and inspection. The National Institute of Health already has established regulations restricting the types of DNA that can be used for these types of experiments. The only barrier left is sin. There is nothing man can do to change the word of God. Man's is willingness to sin for happiness does not differ from stealing or killing for money. Heaven is the sacrifice they have to make to enjoy happiness. Science is an amazing and dangerous world that man seeks to control. Genetic engineering was never intended for man to discover. Now that he has, should he use it for his benefit?

British Prime Minister

From the year 1905 to the year 2008, there are already 24 prime ministers who have ruled over as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (United Kingdom Prime Ministers 2008). As of the present times, the position is occupied by Gordon Brown. The power that is being held by the prime minister has been passed on from one hand over the next for the past 103 years. The source of power is an important factor in analyzing the role of the prime minister and the way through which a deeper understanding of how it is maintained can be seen.The distinctiveness and the constant replacement of the prime minister over the course of their existence in the British government have to be related to the dynamics of power together with its source in order to explain why and how it is held by the people in position. This paper aims to draw a concept of power and identify whether there is an informal and formal side of power. This is done through a research using different literatures and also draws upo n personal opinion in order to provide a critical position on the general topic of power.This is followed by a discussion of the power that is exercised by the prime minister, more specifically that of the United Kingdom. The sources of power, according to the conventions, arrangements, and constitutional devices are also researched in order to relate this to how the power is earned and maintained. In order to do this, the experiences of the past prime ministers are studied and collected to form a historical overview of how the power to govern as a prime minister is taken and maintained. What is Power?In understanding the concept of power, it is important to take note of its definition and the characteristics that are associated with it. Morgan (2006) defines it to be â€Å"the medium through which conflicts of interest are ultimately resolved [and] influences who gets what, when, and how† (p. 166). In relation to this, it is seen that power occurs with the picture of social reality drawn by the members of a particular group and the need for the allocation of the scarce resources (Pfeffer & Salancik 2003).There is a relation that can be seen from the two definitions wherein it could be derived that the person or the group which has the power defines the resources that are considered to be of limited amount. Along with the possession of power is the ability and influence for particular resources together with its allocation. In addition to this, the seat of power is defined by the individuals making up a group. Politically speaking, power is seen to be a means through which sharing occurs in the process of making decisions (Fahlbusch, Bromily, & Barrett 1999).In the context of the government, the decision-making process meanaaas the formulation of the policies, which include government action or inaction. Further disparity is seen with the use of power as there are two faces seen for it. It is seen as an instrument through which peace and status quo can be achieved (Fahlbusch, Bromily, & Barrett 1999). On the other hand, it remains to be very susceptible to abuse that includes â€Å"misuse, excess, and tyranny† (Fahlbusch, Bromily, & Barrett 1999: 311)Two additional and related definitions of power is provided by Shortell and Kaluzny (1997) where it is seen that power is: 1) something that is used in order to change the course of action or behavior of another group or individual and 2) the influence that is exerted in order to force another person or group to do something that is in opposite to the original decision. There are certain elements that can be clearly seen from these definitions of power. First, it is seen that it may or it may not transcend through a hierarchical structure and is not dependent on the way through which positions in the organization is patterned.This is because the direction from which the power stems can be anywhere who can actually accomplish the two conditions mentioned above. However, it can b e seen that there is, actually, a greater chance for those who occupy higher positions to have power and use it because of the capabilities and responsibilities that is attached to the position. Second, it is a means of initiating change. To a certain extent, it can be seen that change is often associated with leadership as the latter is associated with two characteristics which include being â€Å"masters of change† and â€Å"visionaries† (Fisher 1999: 138).It can be related that since there is a sense of change in every leader, it can be seen that power is something that is used for the purpose of leading people into making several changes for a particular goal that is intended. It should be noted, still, that leadership is not the same as management and may or may not lie within the formal organizational structure. Third, power is sometimes associated with coercion and the use of force in order to achieve something.Though this is oftentimes seen and accepted in nega tive terms, it should be considered that this is not the sole aspect of power. In fact, there are different types of power that is classified according to their sources and coercion is only one of the elements that can be seen from one or a few of these types. A discussion with regard to this is placed in the following section. Sources of Power There are five general sources of power as presented by Cronkhite (2008). The classification includes reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, referent power, and expert power (Cronkhite 2008).First, reward power exists where loyalty and cooperation is earned in exchange for something that is needed (Cronkhite 2008). Second, coercive power involves the ability to take away something that is considered to be of value when the behavior or action desired is not achieved (R. Denhardt, J. Denhardt, & Aristigueta 2001). Third, legitimate power, placed in simple terms, is considered to be the type of power which stems from the position that i s being held wherein people are made to follow and act in consideration of the organizational structure, which indicates the position (Bob, I.Asherman, S. Asherman, & Randall 2001). Fourth, referent power is the type wherein power is gained through association with a powerful group or persons (Timby & Smith 2007). It could be of the inherent power of the organization to which a particular person belongs that makes other people behave in a particular manner Lastly, expert power is that which is derived from the â€Å"special knowledge, skill, or ability† that a particular individual possesses (Cottam, Uhler, Mastors, & Preston 2004).The Role of the Prime Minister There are several roles that need to be fulfilled by the British Prime Minister being the national leader. The breadth of responsibilities include â€Å"constitutional and procedural, appointments to ministerial and other senior posts, conduct of Cabinet and parliamentary business, the organization and efficiency of government, the Budget and other economic decisions, and special foreign and defense functions† (Mayne 1999: 26).As can be discerned from the list of general roles taken by the Prime Minister, there are functions which are legislative and executive in nature. The Prime Minister’s presence and control is felt when it comes to policy formulation, which is in the decision-making process, and in policy implementation, which is the executive functions of the prime minister. For example, he or she has affairs to deal with in the decisions made but also has defense functions, which is under the executive branch of the government.Another set of classification is also provided by Borthwick, Shell, and Williams (1995) wherein the Prime Minister is vested with responsibilities as the primary individual responsible for the operations of the government, the head of the party to which he or she belongs, and the leader of the whole nation. There are different specific tasks that need to be accomplished in consideration of the different interests of the people to whom the prime minister is accountable to.It is also defined by Hayward and Menon (2003) that a seemingly prime ministerial government exists in Britain wherein the â€Å"prime minister co-ordinates policy, resolves conflicts, and controls the main resources† (67). In the definition previously provided in an attempt to clarify the concept of power, it has been shown that the elements of power include possession of control in resources, an influence in the decision making process, and a voice in the resolution of conflict.These are the three elements that could also be discerned from the functions and roles of the prime minister that are presented by Hayward and Menon (2003) and Mayne (1999). It can be concluded that the set of functions given here characterize the existence of power within the hands of the Prime Minister and the sources can be both formal and informal, as is followed in the defini tion of power in general. Where it all Comes From There are different sources of power that can be seen from the history of prime ministerial incumbency in Britain.Through the intricate network of relations formed from the organizational hierarchy of the government, it can be seen that there are three general sources of power that includes the conventions, the constitutional devices, and the arrangements that are present in the British government. From personal characteristics also comes a consideration of whether or not a particular individual is given the power to serve as the Prime Minister.There are four characteristics, which include: 1) the name and status in the society or an organization together with what an individual can do; 2) perceived affiliation with success in terms of politics; 3) acceptance of the public; and 4) a relatively high position in the â€Å"party, parliamentary party, and government† (Poguntke & Webb 2005: 37). While these can not be considered as the direct sources of power, it serves as among the characteristics that are seen as bases whether power is given to an individual or not.This is important because these are requirements or prerequisites that are seen to be the main characteristics of the people that are vested with the powers of the Prime Minister. Likewise, it can be seen that these bases for the acquisition of power is not framed in the Constitution nor is it determined through the formal lines of government but are the shadow elements being considered in the selection process. However, it should also be noted that not everyone who fits these conditions become Prime Ministers.This is because there are other forms of standards are present that limits only one individual to be considered rightful as the Prime Minister. To a certain extent, it can be said that the Prime Minister is considered to be an â€Å"elected monarch† and draws certain powers from the Royal Crown of the land (Borthwick, Shell, & Willia ms 1995). The approval and acceptance of the monarch has been an important factor in maintaining the power that is within the reach of the Prime Minister.Over the years, the manner through which the monarch is selected has evolved in such a way that in the beginning, it is the personal affiliation of the person to the monarch that mattered but in the twentieth century, it became the credentials and appropriateness of the person that is considered by the monarch (Borthwick, Shell, & Williams 1995). While today’s monarch do not hold as much power and influence as those that existed in the past, they are still given the chance to voice out their concerns over the affairs of the government especially with the selection of the key leaders of the country.It has been through traditional considerations and the influence that the monarch has that renders them to still be powerful for certain decisions made in the country. In addition to this, the Prime Minister is tasked to report to the monarch every week in consideration of the monarch’s possession of â€Å"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage and the right to warn† (Williams 1998: 165). There are still powers and rights that are given to the monarch that the Prime Minister could not ignore and should continuously take into account for the former could easily use its power against the Prime Minister.In addition to this, it is argued by Harrison and Boyd (2006) â€Å"that the major development strengthening PM power over the last century have been mainly political rather than constitutional (34-5). Politically speaking, the power of the Prime Minister is related to the party that wins in the House of Common, which is considered to be a source of power for the Prime Minister (Borthwick, Shell, & Williams 1995). The largest party wins in the House of Common and the person who serves as the leader of the said party is appointed as the Prime Minister with the approval of respective autho rities in the land.Just the same as the Prime Minister reports to the monarch, he or she is likewise responsible to the House in lieu of the need to maintain the power that is vested upon him or her. There are several expectations that need to be fulfilled as a Prime Minister that would continuously be within the shoulders of the incumbent. Moreover, another source of power for the Prime Minister is the assignment of being the First Lord of the Treasury where the two positions are often associated with one another (Goodnow 2005). The responsibilities of the said office give the Prime Minister another area from where his or her power could stem from.Conclusion Power is considered to be the influence in the decision-making process, the control over the resources, and the force exerted over the behavior and actions of other people. In general, there are five sources of power that is categorized according to how power is attained and maintained. Placed in the context of the British gove rnment, power is considered in the roles of the Prime Minister. There are general roles that are fulfilled by the individual who is incumbent to the said position, which is being the head of the state, government, and the parliament.The powers of the Prime Minister are also earned through the monarch and the positions assigned of him or her. There are different limitations to the extent of control exhibited by the monarchy today but it remains to be ingrained in the British society and it can still place several pressures on the Prime Minister and the power of the same. In addition to this, there are also personal characteristics that are held as important for the position. Indeed, the powers of the Prime Minister stem from different sources, which are both formal and informal.The broad range from which power is sourced out is considered to be an implication of the need for a clear delineation of the powers and functions of the British Prime Minister. List of References Bob, P. , As herman, I. , Aherman, S. , and Randall, J. (2001) The Negotiation Sourcebook. Amherst, MA: HRD Press. Borthwick, R. L. , Shell, D. , and Williams, R. (1995) Churchill to Major: The British Prime Ministership Since 1945. NY: M. E. Sharpe, Inc. Cottam, M. , Uhler, B. , Mastors, E. and Preston, T. (2004) Introduction to Political Psychology.Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Cronkhite, C. (2008) Criminal Justice Administration: Strategies for the 21st Century. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Denhardt, R. , Denhardt, J. and Aristigueta, M. (2001) Managing Human Behavior in Public and Nonprofit Organizations. London: SAGE. Fahlbusch, E. , Bromiley, G. , and Barrett, D. (1999) The Encyclopedia of Christianity: (A-D). Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Fisher, K. (1999) Leading Self-Directed Work Teams: A Guide to Developing New Team Leadership Skills. NY: McGraw-Hill. Goodnow, F.(2005) Comparative Administrative Law: An Analysis of The Administrative Syst ems, National And Local, Of The United States, England, France, And Germany. NY: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. Harrison, K. and Boyd, T. (2006) The Changing Constitution. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Hayward, J. and Menon, A. (2003) Governing Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mayne, A. (1999) From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. Morgan, G. (2006) Images of Organization. London: SAGE. Pfeffer, J.and Salancik, G. (2003) The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Poguntke, T. and Webb, P. (2005) The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Shortell, S. and Kaluzny, A. (1997) Essentials of Health Care Management. NY: Thomson Delmar. Timby, B. & Smith, N. (2007) Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing. Philadelphia PA: Lippincott Wi lliams & Wilkins. Williams, A. (1998) UK Government and Politics. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers.

Cumulative Grade Point Average Cgpa Education Essay

This chapter consists of seven subdivisions. The first subdivision explains the background of the survey. The 2nd subdivision contains the job statement of this survey whereas the 3rd subdivision states the research aims ; which are the general and specific aims. The range of this survey is explained in the 4th subdivision while the research restrictions are explained in the 5th subdivision. Last, the significance of the survey is shown in the 6th subdivision and the decision is elaborated in the last subdivision.1.2 Background of surveyTraditionally, university pupils have subscribed to the belief that academic is of import to larn. National instruction depends on academic accomplishment because it portrays the success and failure of instruction in a state. Harmonizing to Dambudzo ( 2009 ) , late, the society has focused and emphasised more on academic accomplishment of its citizen. From that we can infer the importance of academic excellence. The grounds of success in a pupil is measured through his Accumulative Grade Point Average ( CGPA ) at the National Defense University of Malaysia ( NDUM ) therefore pupils compete one another for a higher GCPA. In a survey conducted by Oh ( 1999 ) , it was found that there is a relationship between religionism degree and academic accomplishment where high school pupils who had a high degree of religionism were more likely to hold a higher GPA than the nonreligious pupils. Several surveies at high school degree examined the addition of educational accomplishment to individual ‘s religionism ( Regnerus, 2000 ) . Therefore, religionism is of import and every pupil must hold it. NDUM is a military university but it non an alibi for the pupils in non keeping their religionism because through the research by Schumbel et Al. ( 2009 ) , religionism has been identified as an â€Å" of import construct to see in pupils ‘ academic development † . Islam positions instruction as a spiritual responsibility and an obligatory for every homo who are Muslim. In Islam, the prophesier Muhammad went through the procedure of acquisition, throughout Quran, Allah says â€Å" Read! In the Name of your Lord, who has created ( all that exists ) . Has created adult male from a coagulum. Read! And your Lord is the most generous, Who has taught ( the authorship ) by the pen, Has taught adult male that which he know non † ( Quran, 96, 1-5 ) . As Moslem pupils in NDUM, they must cognize their duties in instruction and strive hard to acquire high CGPA.1.3 Problem of statementNDUM is an Institution of Higher Education ( IPTA ) , once known as the Malaysian Armed Forces Academy ( ATMA ) . NDUM is categorised as a dress shop university because NDUM acts as an administration that is responsible for carry oning programmes of survey at undergraduate degree and military preparations. Therefore, there are topics affecting the military such as milit ary jurisprudence, military history, defence economic sciences, and defence engineering. Harmonizing to the general conditions and particular conditions to come in NDUM by the Academic Management of NDUM, the making to acquire into NDUM is tough and merely those who are first-class in SPM deserve to foster their surveies in NDUM. However, based on random informations of CGPA from officer plebe Tuah ‘s Battalion, there are 17 officer plebe still got CGPA below than & lt ; 2.5. The cardinal job of NDUM officer plebe pupils is why they can non execute during their surveies in NDUM. The past decennary has seen a considerable sum of argument on the effects of faith in the private sector and instruction. But, the larger argument is more focussed on the effects of private spiritual schools on the academic accomplishment of kids ( Chubb & A ; Moe, 1990 ) . Some of societal scientists believe faith as a factor to assist kids get the better of many of these challenges so that they excel both academically and socially ( Jeynes, 1999 ) . Then, several surveies have estimated that pupils who are without religionism are easier to affect with hazardous behavior and it can impact their academic accomplishment ( Adams, n.d. ) , so the degree of persons ‘ religionism among the pupils in NDUM is the job of the survey. Previous surveies by Elias, Awang, and Mohamed ( 2005 ) have shown that religionism is non correlated to academic accomplishment. So, it is good that the relationship between religionism and academic accomplishment is reviewed. Furthermore, the survey of single Muslim religionism is rare in research and it contributes as a job for this research.1.4 Objective of surveyThe aims of this survey are: To analyze the degree of plebes ‘ single religionism towards academic accomplishment. To analyze the relationship between intrinsic religionism and academic accomplishment. To find the relationship between extrinsic religionism and academic accomplishment.1.5 Scope of surveyThere are many researches that investigated the relationship between religionism and academic accomplishment. So far, most of the researches are on the Christian position and other faiths but non Islam. This paper will reexamine on NDUM Muslim plebes pupil in twelvemonth one, two, and three of Defense Human Resource Management Faculty. This survey besides will detect the causes that can impact academic accomplishment. It is hoped that the result of this survey can better Muslim plebes academic accomplishment. NDUM besides can take an action to advance and heighten faith importance to pupils ‘ lives and academic accomplishment.1.6 Research restrictionOne restriction is the focal point of this survey is limited to the single religionism in NDUM pupils towards academic accomplishment. This survey will non demo the other faiths ‘ effects on academic accomplishment of pupils i n NDUM. This paper besides did non assist overall faith of pupil at NDUM towards their academic accomplishment because it merely limited to NDUM Muslim plebes pupil in twelvemonth one, two, and three of Defense Human Resource Management Faculty. The chief restriction to this survey is that there are limited resources on Muslim faith towards academic accomplishment.1.7 Significance of surveyThis survey is of import to place the single religionism between the variables of the intrinsic and extrinsic toward academic accomplishment in NDUM. On the consequence will be cod can shown the effects of religionism to better the academic accomplishment among Moslem pupils in NDUM. In add-on, this survey can give academic direction of NDUM chance to better pupils ‘ public presentation in surveies. Therefore, this survey can be literature reappraisal for other people to acquire cognize about Muslim pupils towards academic public presentation. It is of import to place the intrinsic and extrinsic single religionism towards academic accomplishments of pupils in this survey. The consequences will be able to demo the effects of holding religionism and it is predicted that religionism plays an of import function of bettering pupils ‘ accomplishment. It is hoped that this survey will add to the bing literature and the universe will acquire to cognize how faith ( Islam ) plays an of import function in the academe.1.8 DecisionIn this chapter, the research worker has spelled out the background of survey and explained that the coming chapters will discourse the effects of single religionism towards academic accomplishment. In general, this chapter besides explains the background of survey and its restrictions.Chapter 2Introduction2.1 IntroductionThis chapter has seven chief subdivisions. The first subdivision will specify the conceptual footings of single religionism. The 2nd subdivision will discourse about intrinsic spiritua l and 3rd subdivision discusses extrinsic spiritual. Fourth subdivision is academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) . The fifth, 6th and 7th subdivisions will be discoursing the related old surveies, theories or constructs that support the relationship. The last subdivision is the decision to this chapter.2.2. Conceptual Definitions of FootingsThis subdivision describes the conceptual definition of footings.2.2.1 ReligiosityReligiosity is known as a complex construct and is hard to specify. Harmonizing to Holdcroft ( 2006 ) religionism is an uncertainness and a complex issue because the nature of the English linguistic communication itself. For illustration, in Roget ‘s Thesaurus ( Kirkpatric, 1999 ) , religionism is found to be synonymous with such footings as devoutness, orthodoxy, religion, belief, piety, devotedness, and sanctity. These synonyms reflect dimensions of religionism instead than the footings of religionism itself. Psychologists might discussed religionism in footings of devotedness, sanctity, and piety, and sociologists described the construct of religionism in footings of church rank and church attending ( Cardwell, 1980 ) . The different usage of footings across academic subjects to place what could be thought of as similar dimensions of religionism makes it hard to discourse without an expressed definition from the point of view of spiritual instruction and the application of that cognition to the lived experience. Another ground for the complexity of religionism is every nearing religionism are from different vantage points, and few confer withing one another ( Cardwell, 1980 ) . In add-on, religionism is a complex construct in human phenomenon, and seems to cover overall portion in our life such as behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, feelings and experiences. The different footings in religionism make it difficult to sort the dimensions of religionism because every psychologists or research worker have their ain sentiment.2.2.1.1 IntrinsicAllport and Ross are the 1s who developed the intrinsic-extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale ( ROS ) based on Allport ‘s theoretical efforts. Based on old surveies by Allport & A ; Ross ( 1967 ) , it was distinguished those who viewed their pattern of faith as a end in itself ( intrinsic orientation ) from those who viewed it instrumentally ( extrinsic orientation ) . On doctrine surveies, Zimmerman ( 2010 ) claimed that the intrinsic is the value of somet hing which is said to be the value that that thing has â€Å" in itself, † or â€Å" for its ain interest, † or â€Å" as such, † or â€Å" in its ain right. † In add-on, Allport & A ; Ross ( 1967 ) assumed that to be a high intrinsic individual is to be a true truster in spiritual pattern for its ain interest. Then Holdcroft ( 2006 ) summarised Allport and Ross survey where he posited that a individual with intrinsic religionism is one who internalised the entire credo of his or her religion and moves beyond mere church attending. Therefore, Allport and Ross ( 1967 ) besides mentioned that intrinsic religionism refers to motivation originating from end set Forth by the spiritual tradition itself. Numerous surveies have shown that intrinsic spiritual is about human concern and how they pattern their faith for themselves.2.2.1.2 ExtrinsicExtrinsic religious is besides developed by Allport & A ; Ross ( 1967 ) . In their research, they interpreted extrinsic religionism as a self-seeking and useful mentality on faith that provides the trusters with comfort in redemption. Therefore, they besides claimed that the persons who are disposed to utili ze faith for their ain terminals, such as position, sociableness, and excuse, and frequently selectively determine a credo to suit their ain terminals. Based the reviewed by Powell & A ; Clarke ( n.d. ) on Allport and Ross extrinsic religionism, religionism was conceived as a devoutness that is instrumental in nature, with faith used as a means to obtain an mixture of ego functioning terminals, such as personal comfort and societal wagess of both the terrestrial and heavenly assortment. Furthermore, people who were found to consist a significant proportion of the spiritual population, use faith for its intra-psychic benefits, such as increased self-pride ( Tajfel & A ; Turner, 1986 ) . Other research worker such as ( Kirkpatrick, 1989 ) besides mentioned that extrinsic religionism is a flow from the societal indorsement of one ‘s values and social-cultural worldview.2.2.2 Academic AchievementAcademic accomplishment can be defined as self-perception and self-evaluation of one ‘s nonsubjective academic success ( Klobal & A ; Musek, 2001 ) . Harmonizing to the academic regulation book ( Bachelor Session of 2010/2011 ) , for the pupils who are analyzing at undergraduate degree at NDUM, they are subjected to the academic regulations of this university. Furthermore, academic accomplishment can be classified into two types measuring, grade point norm ( GPA ) and cumulative great point norm ( CGPA ) . Academic standing of pupils will be determined at the terminal of each regular semester with CGPA as shown in Table 1.Table 1 Academic StandingAcademic Standing Condition of CGPA Good Standing ( GS ) CGPA = 2.00 Conditional Standing ( CS ) 1.70 = CGPA & lt ; 2.00 Failed Position ( FS ) ( Retired ) CGPA & lt ; 1.702.3 Related Theory or Concept2.3.1 Religiosity Measurement on Intrinsic and Extrinsic DimensionsIn recent old ages, there has been an increasing sum of literature on religionism. There is a big volume of published surveies depicting the function of intrinsic and extrinsic religionism. However, Allport and Ross ( 1967 ) are the developer of the intrinsic-extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale ( ROS ) . Based on ROS, there are 11-items on the extrinsic graduated table to mensurate the extent to which persons use their faith for their ain terminals and a 9-item intrinsic graduated table to mensurate the extent to which persons live their faith.2.3.2 Religiosity Measurement on Intellectual DimensionsThe rational dimension of religionism is about religion and religion cognition. Glock and Stark ( 1965 ) stated that the five dimensions are related to rational dimensions. The dimensions are experiential, ritualistic, ideological, rational and eventful. These dimensions focus on personal religion, experience of ritualistic activity with community and a individual ‘s cognition toward faith. To proof their theory, Glock and Stark ( 1965 ) suggested to set the overall history of the faith in their literacy constituent of their trial.2.4 Research hypothesisThis research has two of import hypotheses which are: H1: Intrinsic religionism is positively related to academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) . H2: Extrinsic religionism is negatively related to academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) .2.5 Conceptual ModelFrom this conceptual model, the independent variable is single religionism whereas the dependant variable is academic accomplishment. Intrinsic and extrinsic religionism are straight formed single religionism. Independent Variable ( IV ) Dependent Variable ( DV )Figure 1: Conceptual Model2.6 Literature reappraisal2.6.1 Related Previous Study2.6.1.1 Scholastic Incentives and Educational Perceived Value ; the Role of Religion in Muslim Students ‘ Achievement Strivings by Ibrahim ( 2012 )This survey was conducted by Ibrahim, ( 2012 ) . It aimed to measure the perceptual experience factor and the function of faith in the Muslim pupils ‘ accomplishment nisuss at the matriculation pupils of the International Islamic University Malaysia. All respondents in this survey are from the 2nd twelvemonth where471 pupils were indiscriminately selected from the matriculation section at the International Islamic University. The method that was used in this survey is Rasch Analysis, which is to place whether religionism is the factor which controls respondents ‘ engagement in Academic exercises where it is followed by instrumentality ( long-run benefit ) or the public-service corporation fa ctor ( short-run benefit ) . Consequences of this survey showed that faith as one of the factor of major inducement of Muslim pupils towards academic exercisings, followed by long-run benefit.2.6.1.2 Examining Religiosity and Its Relationship to Self-Control, Procrastination and Academic Achievement by Elias et Al. ( 2005 )This research examined the relationship between Islamic religionism degree and ego control, cunctation, academic control and academic accomplishment by Elias et Al. ( 2005 ) . The survey was conducted in North University of Malaysia ; the respondents are 23 male and 122 female undergraduate pupils from research method category. The research worker examined the construct of will or ‘will-power ‘ from the Islamic position and compared it to the Western position. They use Muslim musabarah graduated table to mensurate an person ‘s degree of will harmonizing to Islamic position. The consequence is there are no important correlativities in both measuri ng of cunctation and between religionism and academic accomplishment but correlated to self-denial and sensed academic control.2.6.1.3 The Impact of Religiosity and Locus of Control on Academic Achievement in College Students by Adams ( n.d. )In the research by ( Adams, n.d. ) the relationship between religionism and venue of control on academic accomplishment in college pupils was examined. The respondents of this survey are 68 college pupils. The method that was used in this research is religiosity graduated table, venue of control graduated table, an academic accomplishment graduated table, and spiritual attitude graduated table. The concluding consequence found no relationship between venue of control and religionism utilizing the Rotter and Strayhorn graduated tables.2.6.1.4 The impact of faith on the educational accomplishment of Black male childs: A UK and USA survey by Byfield ( 2008 )Recently, Black boys in the United Kingdom and the USA have job with instruction. However, many Black male childs still can accomplish and get the better of the job. Therefore, Byfield ( 2008 ) did a research about the educationally successful Black males in the United Kingdom and the USA which involved 40 Black male pupils from both new and ancient universities. The intent of this survey is to bespeak whether faith is a conducive factor to the educational success of Black male pupils. The survey found that most of these pupils are spiritual and the church community plays a function to implement cultural and societal capital and their belief in God, it became important parts to these Black male pupils academic accomplishment.2.7 DecisionThis chapter has discussed the definitions of single religionism, intrinsic spiritual, extrinsic spiritual and academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) . Besides that, the old survey and related theory have been used to back up the direct relationship of single religionism and academic accomplishment ( CGPA ) . The undermentioned chapter will disc ourse the methodological analysis of the survey.Chapter 3Methodology3.1 IntroductionThis chapter is divided into six subdivisions. The first subdivision will discourse the debut while 2nd subdivision will discourse the research design in this survey. Data aggregation techniques will be discussed in the 3rd subdivision. The 4th subdivision will be on research location, population and trying while the 5th subdivision will be on the information analysis technique. The last subdivision is the decision of this chapter.3.2 Research DesignThis survey will utilize quantitative method. Quantitative method is the survey of utilizing informations in the signifier of Numberss. Form questionnaire will be distributed to the respondents and the replies will be received by the research worker and analyse through a quantitative analysis. The measurement tool that will be used is the statistical package that is the Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) . Five-point Likert graduated table w ill be used to analyze the relationship between single religionism and academic accomplishment.3.3 Data Collection MethodThe questionnaires will be distributed to the pupils by giving the signifiers to category representatives and they will assist administer and roll up the questionnaires during the larning procedure in the schoolroom. The pupils are asked to take some clip to make full out the questionnaire and reply the inquiries, and so return the completed questionnaires to their category representatives. Consequently, the research worker will reach the representatives to roll up the studies and so informations from the questionnaire will be analysed.3.4 Research SamplingThe research samples are NDUM Muslim plebes in twelvemonth one, two, and three Human Resource Management Faculty of Defense. The entire figure of cadet pupil is 182 pupils. Table 2 shows the figure of pupils in conformity with their several twelvemonth. This survey will utilize graded simple random sampling because NDUM Muslim plebes in twelvemonth one, two, and three of Defense Human Resource Management Faculty. Harmonizing to Uma & A ; Roger ( 2011 ) , stratified random sampling is to gauge the population parametric quantities of a group or subgroup. Table 2: The figure of cadet pupils harmonizing to their twelvemonth Old ages Entire Students 1 108 2 43 3 31 Entire 182Research InstrumentThe instrument to be used in this survey is a questionnaire. The instrument consists of Section A, Section B and Section C. Section A contains four inquiries in the signifier of personal and demographic features. These include age, gender, old ages of surveies, and last semester grade point norm ( CGPA ) . Section B contains 23 points refering the degree of single religionism in intrinsic and extrinsic factors utilizing Allport & A ; Ross ( 1967 ) measuring. In add-on, Section C consists of 5 points in the questionnaire related to academic accomplishment by Martha ( 2009 ) . The questionnaire will utilize Likert Scale which has 5 points from ‘Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree ‘ . 1 2 3 4 5 Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree3.6 Data Analysis MethodData analysis method is the procedure where when all informations collected, it will analyze informations in phases by utilizing quantitative methods analysis. These methods are chosen to summarize the consequences of the questionnaire. Datas from the analysis of paperss and questionnaires will be analysed utilizing Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ( SPSS version 19.0 ) .3.7 DecisionOverall, this chapter discusses the research design, informations aggregation method, research sampling, and research instrument and informations analysis method. The description of the research is based on the analysis of each point every bit good as all facets of the survey. All the consequences from the analysis of informations processed and analysed utilizing SPSS will be explained in item in Chapter 4.