‘Harmonium’ and ‘Manhunt’ Essay

The speaker’s attitude towards his father in ‘Harmonium’ is honest and realistic. The speaker names the brand of his organ â€Å"Farrand Chapelette† and he names places such as ‘Marsden’ in Yorkshire possibly having a connection of where he and his father grew up. This makes the poem a lot more personnel and therefore the poet manages to gain sympathy from the reader. The use of honesty makes the poem a lot more sentimental whereas in ‘Manhunt’ the wife keeps their background quite discrete. Although the poem does explore the physical and mental effects of dealing with war injuries, it doesn’t include the wars in which he’s participated in and any other personnel information. The poem ‘Manhunt’ is a lot less specific than ‘Harmonium’, which makes it relevant to many other war victims. The husband in Manhunt is not open to his experiences of the past. The speaker in ‘Harmonium’ uses colloquial language to create a friendly, warm, conversational tone. In ‘Harmonium’ Simon Armitage uses language like â€Å"bundled off to the skip† to try and say that the Harmonium is broken. In the poem Manhunt the speaker uses a more compassionate tone, which makes the poem touching. This is created when she unravels the list of her husband’s injuries with each injury getting worse and more heart-breaking. Both of the poems use imagery to convey their feeling to their loved ones through images. In the poem ‘Harmonium’ the speaker’s father is portrayed as a broken ‘Harmonium’, which helps the reader visualize the physical and mental state of the child’s father. In the poem ‘Manhunt’ the husband is continuously referred to images reflecting his health. He is described as having a ‘fetus of metal beneath his chest’ giving the reader a visual image of the metal bullet buried beneath his skin. In the poem ‘Harmonium’ Simon Armitage uses parallelism to intensify the relationship between father and son. He does this by repeating ‘and he, being him†¦.and I, being me† this shows how the son will take the place of his father as time goes on. However in the poem ‘the Manhunt’ the speaker  links herself to her husband. Her husband is described as being the victim of a Manhunt and the poem explains how she is trying to regain her husband’s trust and confidence the idea that the husband is involved with this Manhunt is repeater throughout the poem. The wife is described as ‘widening her search’ to regain her husband; this links to the title ‘Manhunt’. In the poem ‘The Manhunt’ the speaker uses lots of sensational, loving verbs in the poem, reflecting the intimacy of husband and wife, and keen devotion from the wife hoping to heal her husband. The wife says that she is able to ‘climb the rungs of his broken ribs’, a closely observed detail of her hands exploring the altered body of her husband. The idea of the ladder is reflective of the effort involved in the wife’s gradual search for answers. This demonstrates the wife’s confidence when she speaks. However, in ‘Harmonium’ the speaker uses indefinite descriptions such as ‘shallow or sorry’ and ‘phrase or word’; this shows that the speaker is not very comfortable and confident about talking about his father, this suggests that he might be regretful or resentful of his past decisions. The writer feels inadequate. The poem ‘Harmonium’ has four stanzas of different lengths. The first stanza describes the harmonium ready to be throwed away. The next is a closer investigation of the instrument, with detailed descriptions of its parts. The third stanza considers the history of the instrument. The final stanza, which describes carrying the harmonium from the church, is concerned with the relationship between the speaker and his father. However in ‘The Manhunt’; the poem consists of a series of unrhymed couplets. This creates a sense of fragmentation, which matches the feelings of the soldier’s wife as she try’s to understand the man her husband has become. The poem describes the phases of a wife’s search for answers from her injured husband who has recently returned from a war zone. The poem ends when the search is closed. In conclusion the speaker’s attitudes in both poems are quite similar since they are both by Simon Armitage however the spea ker in ‘Harmonium’ takes a more honest and realistic approach with a colloquial tone than the discrete, unspecific, compassionate speaker in ‘The Manhunt’.

Policing Essay

Policing CRJ 201, Section 511 Frank Serpico Francesco Vincent Serpico was born on April 14, 1936 in Brooklyn, NY. At the age of 18 Serpico enlisted in the United States army and spent two years in Korea. In 1959 Frank Serpico graduated form the police academy and was sworn into the New York City Police Department. From the =Beginning of Serpico’s career in the NYPD he was forced with having to defend his integrity to the police department. While a rookie taking part in field officer training, there was a rape in progress call sent out over the radio. Serpico, wanting to do nothing but help wanted to take the call though it was out of his sector and against his veteran officers advice. Frank later forced to give up his collar despite the fact he apprehended the remaining rape suspects on his own. Being a rookie officer left him susceptible to officers with seniority easily getting over on him. In 1960 Frank became a patrolman in the 81st precinct. He then worked for the Bureau of Criminal Identification (BCI) before he was assigned to being a plain-clothes officer. This is when Frank Serpico’s problems began and he was exposed to department wide police corruption. Police subculture is defined as; shared values and norms and the established patterns of behavior that tend to characterize policing. During Frank’s time police corruption was definitely apart of police subculture. However it was not apart of Frank Serpico’s police subculture. While stationed at the 93rd precinct Serpico was given $300 as a part of the station pay off. Not knowing what to do with the money, and it being his first experience with corruption Frank took the money to his Sargent who in turn pocketed the money for himself. Becoming a snitch is something frowned upon then and now among civilians and law enforcement when it comes to one of your own. It is especially difficult to be a snitch in the police department because there is then no one behind you when in need. Blowing the whistle on fellow officers took a lot of guts and courage, especially when knowing that no one is there to stand behind you, and everyone is against you. On April 25, 1970, a New York Times article was published by David Burnham that would shake up the entire New York City Police Department. With the aid of Frank Serpico and Sargent David Durke, Burnham told the world of the millions of dollars paid to policeman in the New York Police Department by drug dealers, gamblers, and crooked businessmen. Frank also pointed out that despite the obvious corruption both Mayor Lindsay’s’ administration, and the police department ignored and failed to look into corruption cases repeatedly brought to their attention. This very article and the now public knowledge and outrage forced Mayor Lindsay to form the KNAPP Commission; a five-member panel whose purpose was to investigate corruption among the police department. Once the New York Times article was published, Frank Serpico was officially deemed a snitch. Subjecting himself to the possibility of extreme danger and violence, either at the hands of his own or by criminals when a lack of police back up and support is available. This possibility of danger became reality on February 3, 1971. While working in the vice division out of Brooklyn North, Serpico and 3 others detectives were working a drug sting. Frank was sent into the building and after witnessing the drug buy informed the two other plains clothes officers of were the suspect apartment was located. Serpico, the only officer that knew how to speak Spanish, was prompted to fake as if he wanted to purchase heroin to gain access into the suspects’ apartment. Once the dealer cracked the door Frank tried to force his way in, only able to wedge some of his body into the suspects’ door. Subsequently Serpico was shot at point blank range in his face with a . 22 caliber handgun. Once collapsed on the floor the remaining two officers stepped over him and proceeded with the drug bust instead of helping, they didn’t even care enough to send out a cop shot call over the radio. It was a neighbor living on the floor of the shooting that called the ambulance and stayed with Serpico until a squad car arrived to escort him to the hospital. Frank Serpico soon after the shooting began to question the circumstances of the shooting, feeling he was set up to be executed. While in recovery at the hospital Serpico was constantly harassed and faced with wishes of death. Frank recovered, losing hearing in his left ear, and in December of 1971 testified in front of the KNAPP Commission. Ultimately Serpico received what he always wanted, a brass shield and a promotion to detective. Of course there was no customary ceremony when Frank was awarded detective status, he was called and told to pick his badge up from the office. This was one of the many things that displayed the distain the department and city officials had for Frank Serpico. In 1972 after receiving a gold metal of honor, Serpico retired from the New York City Police Department and moved to Switzerland, where he stayed for almost a decade. In 1980 Serpico back to New York City and now lives a quiet life upstate. Frank Serpico was the first and probably most famous New York police officer to report and go as far as to testify on the department wide corruption. He never gave up, never gave in, and always stayed true and loyal to the oath he took when graduating from the police academy in 1959. Hearing the story of Frank Serpico makes me grateful because I know there are truly honest and loyal individuals that hold jobs in the public service field. People like him played major roles in molding what the police department is today. However I do not think I would have followed in Frank Serpico’s footsteps to expose the ugly truth of what was going on in the police department at the time. Being apart of the police subculture, all you have is each other. Once you put on the uniform and strap on that gun and badge no one can protect you from danger but yourself and your fellow officers. Once those other officers distrust you there is no one to have your back when faced with a criminal with intent to harm you. I would remember that when my shift is over I have to go back to my family, I have to live a life outside of my career as a New York City Police Officer. If I could have found a way to not take the payoffs, still do my job to the best of my ability, and not snitch on my fellow officers, that would definitely be the route in which I would take. Frank Serpico could have easily been killed and I don’t think the police department or anything else is more important then my life and the lives of my family. I do respect everything that Frank Serpico did. His integrity and courageousness was unprecedented. Without him the police department that my friends, loved ones, and I interact with daily could very well be much different and much worst. All Frank Serpico wanted to do was be a good, moral person and an honest police officer. He nicely summed up some of his feelings while in front of the KNAPP Commission by saying, â€Å"Through my appearance here today†¦ I hope that police officers in the future will not experience the same frustration and anxiety that I was subjected to for the past five years at the hands of my superiors because of my attempt to report corruption†¦ We create an atmosphere in which the honest officer fears the dishonest officer, and not the other way around†¦ The problem is that the atmosphere does not yet exist in which honest police officers can act without fear of ridicule or reprisal from fellow officers. †

Competition law Essay

A situation in which a single company or group owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. By definition, monopoly is characterized by an absence of competition, which often results in high prices and inferior products. According to a strict academic definition, a monopoly is a market containing a single firm. In such instances where a single firm holds monopoly power, the company will typically be forced to divest its assets. Antimonopoly regulation protects free markets from being dominated by a single entity. Explanation ‘Monopoly’ Monopoly is the extreme case in capitalism. Most believe that, with few exceptions, the system just doesn’t work when there is only one provider of a good or service because there is no incentive to improve it to meet the demands of consumers. Governments attempt to prevent monopolies from arising through the use of antitrust laws. Of course, there are gray areas; take for example the granting of patents on new inventions. These give, in effect, a monopoly on a product for a set period of time. The reasoning behind patents is to give innovators some time to recoup what are often large research and development costs. In theory, they are a way of using monopolies to promote innovation. Another example are public monopolies set up by governments to provide essential services. Some believe that utilities should offer public goods and services such as water and electricity at a price that is affordable to everyone.

Short Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short Essays - Essay Example Realising this, activists and several organizations publicised various messages attracting people to places like the Tahrir square. Social media played a role in shaping opinions, empowerment, influencing change and mobilization of people. Undeniably, a flurry of tweets and Facebook posts spiked to force downfall of President Mubarak. In essence, social media helped sway public attitude and reaction. Facebook acted as a place to vent out the hatred and outrage for the long-term oppression and economic instability. The government effort to end different social media sites backfired resulting into even more protests. The press and newcomers got wind of the antagonism bringing into light more foot soldiers. More people became active and attempted to find out more information about the protests. Activists used particular events to attract attention from different people. For example, the death of Khaled Said who had been brutally beaten by police became a focal point of protesters. Over 500,000 people viewed his YouTube video while 470,000 joined a Facebook page formulated on the same (Patrut & Patrut, 2014). From this perspective, social media promoted shared values and interests hence prompting protests. The Darwinian style of development believes in the survival for special populations as depicted in Weimar republic. Arguably, the Weimar government comprised of people with different interests. In as much as several reasons can support their actions, apparently each party strived to maintain its comfort. Notably, the right and left wing of the Weimar Government pressured the leaders promoting many problems such as hyperinflation. Many conditions made Darwinian theory evident in the Weimar leadership style. For example, noble families found it difficult to be ruled by army leaders who were from the lower class. On the other hand, army leaders also had different views regarding Weimar government including

Illegal Immigration and the Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Illegal Immigration and the Family - Essay Example The separation of family members results in negatively impacting the overall family and especially children. Therefore, illegal immigration has even negatively impacted the family aspect of bringing up and rearing children. Illegal immigration separates children from their parents and as a result of this children experience difficulty in the psychological as well as social development. Many of the illegal immigrant children who have been separated from their family are brought up in foster families. According to Wessler, during the period of 2011 more than 5100 children had to be adopted by foster parents as their blood related parents were deported back to their home nation. Due to this, children experience issues in adjusting to the values, norms and culture of their foster family. Furthermore, some children are not even able to ever gain proper family environment that is necessary for their development. Deportation of illegal immigrants even causes another family related issue whi ch is single parent households. These households are those where either the father or the mother of a child is present and looks after the child. According to Landale et al. more than 22% of Hispanic children were living with a single parent during the period of 2011 (Landale et al.,

RESPONSE ESSAY SUMMARY SHEET Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

RESPONSE SUMMARY SHEET - Essay Example paper analyzes some common negative externalities, as well as possible ways through which government intervention may control and regulate these externalities. The study conducted in this paper is based upon a case study of the wastewater management system in Australia. The analysis of negative externalities in this case study is better approached by tackling the following three questions: 1. Explain what negative externalities are, and why there may be the case for government intervention to address them. Describe some of the ways to correct the negative externalities and the pros and cons of each method. Provide real life examples. An externality occurs when some activities by consumers or producers result in unintended direct or indirect effects over other unintended players in the market. Externalities may be negative or positive (Laffont 2008). In this case, negative externalities arise when the action of a party results in damage to other people without any form of compensation being awarded for that damage. Within the context of a business environment, a negative externality refers to a spill-over of an economic transaction that result in negative effects on a party that has no any direct involvement in the activity that causes the externality. Thus, the first party does not incur any costs for the repercussions on society while the second party gets no benefits from the effects inflicted upon them. Externalities constitute one of the many reasons that lead to government intervention within the economic sphere. Thus, it is because the production, consumption, as well as investment decisions made by households, individuals, and organizations or firms usually affect people who are not directly involved in the transactionsMost externalities fall into the technical externalities category. In this context, the indirect effects impact on the production and consumption opportunities of other people, though the cost of the product or service does not consider

ADULT LEARNERS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ADULT LEARNERS - Essay Example He also explained that he was not interested in obtaining a degree as much as being able to learn and not necessarily in his field of expertise. This differs with Fogarty & Pete (2007) since they stated that the adult learners want to learn in materials their field and be able to apply in the workforce. He stated that he wanted to broaden his horizons by leaning new materials, although he acknowledged that education and learning were necessary tools that would otherwise would close different opportunities without them. As an adult learner he sees himself wanting to grasp meaning and the existence to certain situations. He wants to learn by understanding instead of using past educational strategies such as rote memory. He is a detailed person and explicit in what he wants. In a syllabus he wants to see the objectives of the curriculum, such as Fogarty & Pete (2007) purported. He wants to know what is expected of him so that he is able to focus that which will satisfy what he will need to learn. He believes that, â€Å"†¦it is necessary to master the basics to give me a firm foundation for continuing topics.† He understands the kind of learner that he is. According to him, he is a visual learner. He also needs to see the end results of his learning. He mentioned the limitations that reading and studying have for him. He asserted that although they are good, â€Å"†¦they lack the animations and the step-by-step instructional aids that I need to really understand what I am attempting to learn.† Given that he is an active participant in class, he has to ask questions for those presented materials that he does not understand. This is also a way of testing the teacher ´s knowledge, by stepping out of the scripted presentation and feel that she or he is catering to â€Å"†¦my needs as a student†¦Ã¢â‚¬  so that he may understand. He is also interested in

Prison Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prison Culture - Essay Example The inmate subculture shows the lives of inmates but it varies from one prison institution to another (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2009). Being deviants in society, the inmate subculture is often not in accordance with the values of society and is opposed to institutional rules. What may be regarded as deviant behavior and unacceptable in the free world is encouraged and rewarded inside prison walls (Clemmer, 1940) There are two theories that explain the formation of an inmate subculture (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2009). The first is the deprivation theory which states that the inmate culture is formed in response to the deprivations in prison life. The deprivations experienced by inmates are those of deprivation of liberty, autonomy and security, deprivation from the use of goods and services, and deprivation of heterosexual relationships (Sykes, 1958). The other theory is the importation theory which maintains that the inmates bring with them their subculture from the outside world. There ar e different types of inmate subculture as discussed by Irwin and Cressey (1962).

Sustainable Management Futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Sustainable Management Futures - Essay Example It is normally because of a risk or illegality, which arms others The employee has received no satisfactory reason from their immediate supervisors and he has exhausted all the channels available within the company, including going to the board of directors (GJALT & JOB, 2008). The employee has documented evidence that would convince a reasonable, impartial observer and that his or her concern for public safety is correct and the company product or action is likely to cause serious and considerable public harm (GJALT & JOB, 2008). Loyalty according to similes dictionary is the act of binding yourself intellectually or emotionally to a course of action while integrity is the quality of always behaving according to the moral principles that you believe in so that people respect and trust you or behaving according to the rules and standards of your job (ROSS, 2008). Loyalty to clients or to one’s own integrity versus loyalty to the organization, the general public, professional standards, and family and friends may prove to conflict and bring tension between the need to prevent abuses and preserve trust of an individual. Trust is a vital tension point in whistle blowing and a key source of ambiguity (ROSS, 2008). However, at times, loyalty to peers and the organization can be blind or misplace, and thus ceases to be a virtue because harm, rather than good can come from it. The Public Disclosure Act 1998 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that protects whistleblowers from detrimental treatment by their employer (HOBBY, 2010). Influenced by various financial scandals and accidents, along with the report of the Committee on Standards in Public Life, the bill was introduced to Parliament by Richard Shepherd and given government support, on the condition that it become an amendment to the Employment Rights Act 1996 (HOBBY, 2010). After receiving the Royal Assent on

1.Appreciate important issues in computer system design such as speed Essay

1.Appreciate important issues in computer system design such as speed and flexibility and be able to demonstrate an understanding of the organisational principles of current computer systems - Essay Example In the mid 1970’s when the personal computer was not as common as the current times, computing attacks were done on the telephone systems for example John Draper hacked the AT&T system to make free long distance calls. Randy (2009) pointed out that he achieved to get through the respective system by a simple whistle which he got in a cereal box. Later, he came to be known as Captain Krunch. Different types of attacks have been witnessed over the years and have gotten more sophisticated with the advent of new technology. By the end of 1970s, personal computers became comparatively more accessible than earlier. This marked the start of spam emails; first spam email was sent in 1978 on ARPAnet by the CEO of Digital Equipment Corporation to disable a new computer. The spam in those times generally consisted of advertisements or promotions unlike the financial gain objectives that are hidden in them now. The current motives behind spam deal with far more severe aspects for e.g. identity frauds, online scams. Personal email addresses databases are maintained by many companies these days. Spam is sent to these recipients without their consent or permission with the alias of different forms to make them look professional. These kinds of spam emails transformed into phishing by the year 1996 and consisted of content like the announcement of winning of a lottery by the recipient or an official letter from his respective bank to update his personal details. The recipient enters his personal information in res ponse, thinking that it is a genuine banking process. The email scammer gains the recipient’s personal information as well as banking information that can be used in any desired malicious activity. The stealing of personal information has led to the most appalling of the cyber crimes which is â€Å"identity theft†. According to the statistics provided by the Javelin Strategy & Research Center

International financial strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International financial strategy - Essay Example Thus it is absolutely important that the companies take precautionary measures to minimize the risks (Bonaccorsi and Daraio, 2009). The present research study elucidates the benefits and costs and advantages that a company can enjoy if it is listed in more than one exchange. British Petroleum is used as an example to show how it finances its long term capital needs. Apart from that effort is also made to present the transaction risk faced by the company. Reasons for which a company cross lists itself A multinational company is spread all across the globe. Due to this reason such a company is involved in multiple numbers of trading relationships across multiple time zones and more importantly in multiple currencies. The company must be listed on the domestic exchange apart from the other foreign exchanges (Chiefele, 2012). The domestic exchange most of the time performs the job for currency exchange. If the operational base of the company is spread in more than 5 to 6 different intern ational countries, then using the domestic exchange as the basis for all transactional requirements becomes complex and cumbersome (Garrick, 2011). The transactions which are settled in different foreign currencies may have different consequences on the company if they are settled through a foreign exchange rather than a domestic exchange. For example the exchange rate between two different currencies can be slightly different between a foreign exchange and a domestic exchange. Multinational companies can use this price difference for their own advantages. The difference in price is due to the information asymmetry. The financial system is connected by very complex network where any new information generated at one corner gets dispersed to other corners easily (Gulbrandsen and Smeby, 2008). The stock exchanges around the world are connected by vast system of networks. The networks carry large amount of information in a matter of seconds. Thus any lag in information between two time zones is almost negligible. Still the negligible difference when multiplied by transactions worth billions of dollars the resultant is completely different (Hakim, 2010). This entails the arbitraging concept. This kind of arbitraging has been reduced significantly due to superfast information dissemination and sharing. Despite that there are many deficiencies in the systems which are sometimes misused by multinational companies. One of the most important reasons for cross-listing is reducing the cost of equity. Finding sources of finance is a matter of perennial concern for any company. The difficulty becomes multiplied if it is a multinational company. If the multinational company is listed in a more than one exchanges then the probability of raising the capital increases. The company can use various modes of financing both debt and equity. Thus the dependency on one economy or the modes of finance decreases considerably. This in turn eases the rate of return that a company has to offer to the investors to raise the capital (Harvey, Smith and Wilkinson, 2007). This is

Describe Commodus Essay Example for Free

Describe Commodus Essay Commodus changes for the worse. He is innately devious and this is not resolved throughout Gladiator. He identifies his main adversary as Maximus, his fathers favourite, but in reality it is his own lack of moral fibre that is his greatest enemy. Maximuss fallicious death triggers a surge towards a more confident, vehement Commodus, but when Maximus resurfaces there is a resumption of his initial personality. As any emergence any improvement retracts. Maximuss strengths are Commoduss weakenesses. Commodus realises this and holds Maximus in contempt. Maximus is everything Commodus aspires to be. Whilst Maximuss glass is full of orthodox qualities, Commoduss is almost empty, apart from a few unvirtuous qualities he embodies. It is this emptiness that makes his lack of moral fibre so transparent. Marcus Aurelius sees through the glass and intends to deny Commodus succession by reverting Rome to a Republic. It is here in Commoduss murder of his father that we see the true extent of his destructive capacity. Maximus has the love of Lucilla, in which Commodus intensley desires. Maximus has the love of Aurelius, the kind of filial love Commodus has always longed for. Maximus has acceptance, the kind Commodus will never achieve because he is an effete. Maximus is loved, respected and is in commands of power, whereas Commodus is not. It is these intangible commodities that motivate Commodus to aspire to metaphorically become Maximus. He acknowledges Maximuss charisma as an obstacle and sets out to eradicate Maximus accordingly. He is however, unsuccessful in his plight. Commodus indicts others as the cause of his deficency. He fails to recognise that his greatest obstacle is his inner-self. If he had identified the key to success as self-discovery, then he may have acheived his goals. Commodus does not however; and makes no growth positive growth as a character. He remains immoral, fearful, ambitous, greedy, weak, and shrouded in consuming jealousy. These qualities are expressed in his actions and inter-relations with others. Thriving on death and blood, seen in the gladiatorial games, he mistakes violence for power. He is willing to cheat, threaten and murder to obtain it. He instigates himself as the protector of Rome, seen in his  speech to the Senate: I am the father of Rome and they are my children. Attempting to appoint the adulation that comes with a virtuous hero upon himself, an unvirtuous tyrant. The greatest hindrance to Commodus is his all consuming jealousy. It motivates corruption, disallowing Commodus the ability to recognise his own character and to also expand on it. Instead he is entangled in a perpetual reminder of what he is not. This is his pestilence. This jealousy is augmented when Maximus still comands adoration even as a gladiator, when it should be directed towards Commodus; the emperor. It is here that Commodus realizes the trickery he has employed to could his absence of virtues, to gain the love of Rome, has not prospered. The antithesis of virtue is denied admiration. In an attempt to demonstrate power; Commodus challenges Maximus in the battle arena; which signifies his desperation. Maximus is a conquering general and a gladiatorial champion, whereas Commodus is a skillfull swordsman, but he is weak due to his cowardess, and they are unequally matched. This encounter could have been a growth point for Commodus, by way of conquering fear; but he utilizes his insidious qualities and inflicts a mortal wound before the battle begins; to give himself an unfair advantage. Victorious he is not, and death awaits Commodus. Commodus could never find success with the detainment of vices. It would go against the definition of the conquering hero. Commodus as a hero would distort the structure of Gladiator. Commodus is the antagonist; the one in which unvirtuous qualities are shown; to enthrall a sense of moral code in the film and to also display the virtues that compile a hero; Maximus. From the moment Commodus murders his father, Aurelius, he is doomed not to discover success, unless he redeems himself from the wrong-doing he has committed. This redemption does not occur, and illustrates that Commodus is prepared to change for the worse. Commodus carries out more treacherous acts; such as ordering the murder of Maximus and his family. It is here in the killing of innocence that Commodus spirals out of control; and becomes the epitome of immorality. Commodus faces great conflict and motivation to change his ways. He does  change, he becomes worse. It is crucial to his role as the antagonist that he does not learn from his mistakes; otherwise; he would shift to being a protagonist. The tragic hero is one who faces much adversity; but after a journey of discovery finds redemption; and usually death. The negative growth of Commodus is essential to the plot line of Gladiator. Commodus offers a comparison by which Maximus can be measured; and the two share a symbiotic relationship in the way they need each other for the personality of the characters to be fully recognised. Commodus remains trapped in a downward spiral of unvirtue; disallowing himself from experiencing redemption; the redemption that would have made him a tragic hero. This entrapment in vice is however crucial to the narrative of Gladiator.

The Debate About The Fall Of Rome History Essay

The Debate About The Fall Of Rome History Essay The debate about the fall of Rome and the way it happened is a centuries-old one and its vitality has been undiminished over the years. The traditional theory has the Roman Empire being violently overturned by barbarian Germanic tribes who started invading en masse during the last years of the fourth century. That wasnt the first time that the Empire had to deal with pressure on its borders, but this time it eventually collapsed because it had already declined as a civilization due to internal problems. The first scholar to support this line of thought was Gibbon in the late eighteenth century. His great, multi-volume, work goes by the title The Decline and fall of the Roman Empire, which speaks for itself as for its writers thoughts (?). He argued that the most important cause which brought about the end of the Roman Empire was the expansion and gradual predominance of Christianity. First, the new religion and the structures that came with it (such as the church and the monasteries) interfered with the distribution of wealth inside the Empire, by accumulating it in institutions that were inaccessible by the state.  [1]  Second, its pacifist ideology reduced the armys will to fight and its theology corrupted the classical ideals through the spread of superstition.  [2]   Another scholar arguing along the same lines was Rostovtzeff. He states the Late Empire was in retrogradation?, a sad and decadent remnant of its former self, partly because of the increase in absolutism during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine and the emperors who succeeded them. Together with Gibbon, his arguments form the core of the traditional theory, which puts stress especially on the issue of decline as the main reason which made the disintegration of the empire, as a political entity, eventually inevitable.  [3]  Due to the work of these two scholars, the Fall of Rome has ended up being seen as something like the platonic idea of decline.  [4]   Along with the traditional theory, we should consider the work of a more recent scholar. Following the same methodological path as Rostovtzeff, Jones credited the barbarians with the destabilization and collapse of the Roman Empire. Their invasions, he argues, should be seen as a destructive agent which placed strain on the Roman administration.  [5]  At the same time, in a well-known passage, he speaks of a large part of the population that was consuming without producing anything, such as senators, soldiers and the clergy. These idle mouths, as he calls them, partly a result of barbarian pressure again, at least as far as the army was concerned, was the main reason for the economic waning of the Late Empire.  [6]   Jones contribution was twofold. To begin with, he proposed a new chronological period, extending further than 476, the date traditionally considered as signaling the moment of death of the Roman Empire. His ending date was 602, the year of the emperor Maurices death as he strongly believed that the Roman Empire continued its existence, albeit geographically diminished, in the East, at least until the advent of the Slavic tribes in the Balkans at the end of the sixth century.  [7]  This way, he managed to provide a connection between late- and post-Roman societies, hinting that there might have been a causal relation between the two.  [8]  Secondly, he breathed new life in a period that was all but put aside by his contemporaries as of not much particular interest and after him scholars gradually started to perceive the Late Roman Empire in its own right.  [9]   This was countered by traditionalists in 2005 with the publication of a book under the title The fall of Rome and the end of civilization. In this book, the author Bryan Ward-Perkins is arguing fervently that the fall of Rome was a violent experience for the people involved, which involved much bloodshed and catastrophe.  [10]  It was centered more on radical change than gradual transformation and was characterized by decline and resulted in a decline in civilized values which actually that a number of Roman cultural achievements were lost.  [11]   Although this view has its merits and should not be discredited without consideration, it needs to be examined carefully because it conceals the danger of oversimplification. First, it can be argued that the author has gone too far with his emphasis on violence and catastrophe. Violence, no matter how hard on a society, is not by principle an agent of radical change which rules out any chance of transformation. Human history is full of violence and it would be surprising if the fourth and fifth centuries did not involve any at all. Despite Ward-Perkins vivid depictions, much of what was considered Roman did not disappear with the Empire. Roman qualities, such as a literate culture, can be shown to have survived as late as the seventh century, proving that the devastating barbaric invasions did not actually have such a devastating effect after all.  [12]   Stemming from that, we should examine if there was a specific moment in time when Rome actually fell. If we cannot point out such an instance, then we should regard it as a more gradual process. Italy, for example, shows that society was able to maintain its order in the face of much devastation.  [13]  And if, as Ward-Perkins himself admits, there was no single moment, not even a single century of collapse  [14]  , then we should discard catastrophist theories as inadequate and try more. We should also keep in mind that the author comes from an archaeological milieu  [15]  and, as a result, most of his proof comes from the study of material evidence.  [16]  Archaeologists of the period tend to be advocates of the notion of decline more often than historians, mainly because such a decline is much more evident in the material remains of the Late Roman era.  [17]  In addition to that we have to be careful with the origin the evidence. In the case of Ward-Perkins, he doesnt hesitate to support his theory on data from Britain,  [18]  but Brittania (i.e. the part of Britain which was conquered by the Romans) had never been the archetypal Roman province. So Britain is far from being the typical example of what happened after the Romans had left the island, particularly given the fact that we can find other provinces of the Roman Empire, which shared a completely different fate, such as Egypt and Syria.  [19]  When talking strictly about the west, one has to be extremely cautious when trying to combine both the archaeological data with historical sources that might give the impression of continuity. One way approaches, such as the one only just discussed, will not do. Late Antiquity With good reason one might ask what the need of such a dramatic reassertion of the traditional view on the fall of the Roman Empire. The word traditional itself implies the existence of an opposite, neoteric theory. In 1971, Peter Brown published a book which defied all the assumptions of the traditionalist school.  [20]  His book The world of Late Antiquity: from Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad argues about continuity, transformation, cultural and religious renewal. The enthusiasm that the book was met with in academic circles, especially in the United States, resulted in the banishment of terms as catastrophe, change, crisis and decline.  [21]  Brown was influenced by the views of an earlier scholar, Henri-Irà ©nà ©e Marrou, who argued that late antique art had not deteriorated and that it should be looked at in its own terms. Brown was influenced by the work of Henri Pirenne. In his works the Belgian scholar supported that there was continuity to be found in terms of long-distance trade in the Mediterranean which was not affected by the barbarian invasions but collapsed with the great Arabic conquests of the seventh century.  [22]  Brown placed a new stress on the period resulted in a recent rethinking of Pirennes views through the prism of the newly proposed notion of continuity.  [23]   Finally, Brown could also be considered an influence because, as we saw earlier, he was the first to propose a causal connection between the Late Roman Empire and the post-Roman era. Thus, given the entailed predominance of continuity which was easily detected in themes such as art and religious belief, a new historical period has been founded with its own characteristics, that of Late Antiquity,  [24]  in which some of the basics of classical civilization still survived  [25]  . Its boundaries stress from the third to the eighth century, but they are still unfixed, with every writer proposing different dates, according to the issues they deal with. Brown relied heavily on the methods of historical psychology and psychoanalysis. This methodological innovation is a general trend among scholars of Late Antiquity, particularly those in the United States. They have more or less identified themselves with the kind of history that falls outside the scope of socio-economic history. For example, the history of Christianity has proven very fertile for studying Late Antiquity, especially the effects it has had on different aspects of human life, such as death, sexuality and the family.  [26]  Thus, this school of thought has made astonishing contributions in such fields as gender and culture history, the history of mentalities and of popular belief. Such methods, however, often tend to function with no respect to periodization and as such they lead to fragmentation.  [27]   Indeed, the work of these scholars shows more emphasis towards individuals and their perspectives than to the society they live in.  [28]  As a consequence, post-modernist theories concerning source analysis have relied heavily on the works of scholars after Brown, while, in the meantime, the old philological approach has been largely abandoned. Ancient texts are dealt with not so much for their narrative value, but as agents the mentality of their authors.  [29]  Of course, works exclusively focused on different authors have a lot to offer to the ongoing discussion of the period, but dogged commitment to them might create a handicap for our understanding of the period as a whole.  [30]   Furthermore, partly as a response to the traditional view of catastrophe, scholars of Late Antiquity have been particularly keen on seeing continuity and transformation. But this attitude can be harmful in two ways. First, the notion of continuity seems to have an overshadowing effect on the particularity of issues in a certain period. If everything is proven to carry on from the past not changed in the least, then historical periods will automatically lose their individual tone, by which it is defined.  [31]  Simultaneously, by relying to heavily historical sources (as they provide ampler evidence for continuity) we may be overturned by the findings of archaeological research (in the way Ward-Perkins was). Second, emphasis on continuity and transformation is the expulsion of their opposites from contemporary history books. Terms such as crisis and decline seem to have been anathematized in modern research and this has started to raise objections, even by scholars who are not polemicists of continuity itself.  [32]  Powerful words like these falling into disuse can only be detrimental for historiography. These terms are usually avoided because of their moral implications, and it is somehow assumed that if there is decline someone needs to be charged with it.  [33]  But we always have to bear in mind that history is a science and historians should concentrate purely on the facts of their research. Nevertheless, Late Antiquitys impact shouldnt be confined within strict scientific limits. Continuity along with transformation, apart from being objects of historiographical debate, is also too powerful of terms to be overlooked by contemporary politicians. From 1993 to 1998 a large research project, funded by the European Science Foundation (ESF), brought together scholars from across Europe. Its title was Transformation of the Roman World and its aim was to provide a widely accepted interpretation of the fall of Rome, along the lines of a smooth passage to what was to become todays Europe.  [34]  Two thousand years after Augustus history is being repeated: the European Union is commissioning its poets to create its own foundation myth. Late Antiquity is a new period that has had to carve its way bravely into powerful, deep-rooted views of modern historiography, much like the barbarians who had to carve their kingdoms fighting against the mighty Roman Empire. But unlike the former, somewhere along the way it had to make sacrifices which rendered it less effective as a means of interpretation and more limited in its scope. Also, it came to associate itself with allies with political agendas, who might have promoted it, but in the long term damaged somewhat its credibility in terms of objectivity. After all that, it is not surprising that Avril Cameron, a great advocate of the Brown school, herself admits Late Antiquity is in danger of having become an exotic territory, just before suggesting that it should be tested also in the fields of economic and administrative history.  [35]   Pekepersonal thekerkerethoughts-synthesis/LA+med west Thus far, weve witnessed in brief a powerful debate: Ward-Perkins book came as a vivid reaction to a whole school of thought formed around Browns work, which itself was another dramatic response to an older tradition. But extremism is inherent in violent reactions, because only through opposition one side can define itself and stand out in relation to its adversaries. Naturally, the existence of opposition itself should not lead us to believe that one side is absolutely right, while the other is absolutely wrong (and in most cases they are not). Rather, it should direct us towards an evaluation of the new conclusions that emerged from the conflict and setting the problem on a new base. However, it should be noted that both books have something in common: they are heavily focused on different geographical areas, where their conclusions seem to be more frequently affirmed. This way, Brown was able to find plenty of continuity in the eastern part of the Empire, while Ward-Perkins discovered a great deal of catastrophe in its former western provinces. As Jones had underlined long before those two, historians often tend to forget that only a part of the Roman Empire actually fell to the barbarians.  [36]  So, nothing would be amiss if things were so well defined, but they are not. And although it seems that Late Antiquity is better suited for early Byzantine history, there are also those medieval scholars who deem it rewarding to try their hand at the concepts that this new approach brought with it. Late Antiquity and early medieval history One of these was jean claude van dam (the muscles from brussels) mouahahhahahaha Late Antiquity and the barbarians The exclusion of notions of violence and catastrophe from the debates concerning the fourth and fifth centuries, which Late Antiquity scholars promoted, created a historiographical vacuum and a way had to be found for depicting the relations between the Roman Empire and the new arrivals. If violence could not be used to describe them, then the sources had to be searched for a different sort of evidence. The subsequent reexamination of the sources gave birth to the notion of accommodation. The first scholar to do that was Walter Goffart. In a well-known book,  [37]  published in 1980, he described in detail the way that the barbarians were settled on Roman lands. According to Goffart a fairly straightforward arrangement between the late Roman administration and the barbarian tribes can be derived from the sources. The critical feature of this arrangement was that the Empire relinquished its rights on the taxation of the region in which a group of barbarians were settled and instead those taxes would be collected by the barbarians. However, according to this theory, there was no expropriation of land, no partition of it to smaller units to be apportioned and no need for extra money from the tax payers.  [38]  The only one who had something to lose in the process would be the central administration and this definitely helps explain the fact that there is no sign of any noteworthy resistance from the local population in the regions where the barbarians were settle d in this way.  [39]   The aforementioned theory was further elaborated by Durliat. After analyzing the sources rigorously, he managed to take Goffarts theory one step further. He argued that land tax in the Late Roman Empire amounted to no more than 20% of the harvest and it was collected and administered by the curiales. They split it in three and kept one third for their citys expenses. The other two thirds were then sent to Rome to be used for the needs of the army and the central administration. With the advent of the barbarians, this system was very conveniently transformed to accommodate them: the curiales no longer sent anything to Rome but instead conferred the appropriate amount to the barbarian group that happened settle in their citys administrative region. Furthermore, he argued that this modus operandi continued unaffected after the fall of the western Roman Empire, in the different successor-states, until the collapse of the Carolingian Empire.  [40]   This theoretical synthesis was attractive to scholars, not only due to its clarifying simplicity and astonishing applicability, but also because it served to explain the lack of any negative sentiment in the sources. The importance of it becomes clearer, if we take under consideration that actually there were complaints on the part of the sources, wherever the barbarians had not settled peacefully but by force.  [41]  As we saw earlier, the curiales were unconcerned if two thirds of the land tax changed recipients, as long as they were still obtaining their part undiminished. One can easily imagine the effect that this argument had on the debate on continuity, especially since it was centered on Western Europe. Of course, this theory didnt fail to raise some eyebrows. Liebeschà ¼tz criticized Durliats arguments on a twofold basis. First, he doubts that late Roman cities actually collected for themselves any part of the imperial taxes and second, he argues quite convincingly that such an agreement would eventually provide little actual security to the settling barbarians, as security is usually better ensured through direct property of the land, than through any fiscal rights. Whats more, it seems perfectly reasonable to assume that it was exactly this security that the barbarians were looking for and of course, their position of power during the last centuries of the Roman Empire made sure that they were not likely to settle for anything less.  [42]   Moreover, Durliats theory was commented on further in an article in 1998.  [43]  There, Wickham analysis Durliats arguments and dismisses them one by one. Initially, he disagrees that the strict fiscal meaning which the latter ascribes to terms such as possessors and fundus is actually the one intended by the legislators of the fourth and the fifth century and in so doing he undermines the theory from the beginning. But he goes on to challenge other aspects such as the idea that Church constituted a part of the state administration in the post-Roman kingdoms (and thus church property consisted only of fiscal lands) and the view that servus is the term used to suggest a free landowner. By providing hard evidence following the chronological order (Late Empire, Romano-Germanic Kingdoms, Carolingian Empire), Wickham manages to discredit convincingly the arguments about fiscal continuity throughout this period. But, it should be noted that in the end of his article, where he discusses briefly the issue of continuity, he states that while he is not averse to it himself, it should not be considered tantamount to complete absence of change.  [44]   However, the predominance of continuity does not sit well with terms like barbarian invasions and Germanic immigration. So, historians had to find ways to circumvent this problem; they started by looking at the ethnic identities of the Germanic peoples, because it could be argued for example that there was no clear-cut sense of common identity between barbarian groups, such as the Goths, or some common characteristics that defined Germanic then it would be possible to downplay the importance of the aforementioned terms. This way, Late Antiquity affected another heated debate (and in the meantime was affected by it); that of European national identities. The contribution of Walter Goffart has been essential at this point. Apart from fiscal continuity, in his Barbarians and Romans, he was also arguing about against the existence of definite ethnic identities among the barbarians. Another centuries-old historiographic tradition before him interpreted the movements of the Germanic tribes according to contemporary political ideas.  [45]  For example, before the Second World War, Kossina had argued that there was a separate, identifiable culture to be associated with every Germanic tribe we come across in the sources and in 1961 Wenskus had maintained that there was a core of tradition carried by the elite of each barbarian group, according to which the whole mass of the tribe was defined.  [46]  But, according to Goffart migrations have served as the factual underpinnings of early Germanic unity.  [47]  Thus, if he could prove that no such unity actually existed, the migration and invasion theories would lose all sense. Indeed, he argues for a short history of these peoples oblivion was a result of translocation. The common past of these peoples at any point stressed as back as the time before their last migration.  [48]  He refuses to use sources of the sixth century such as Jordanes because, in his opinion, they only reflect the ideas of their own times and cannot be trusted for their evidence of the distant past.  [49]  Finally, after taking under consideration also the deductions of archaeological research, he thinks that, if one wanted to look at the discontinuity provoked by the advent of the barbarians, he should definitely put the emphasis on Rome and its security. It was the appeal that the Empire had on the barbarians and not their own expansionist agendas that brought about the fall, in an imaginative experiment that got a little out of hand.  [50]   It is therefore clear that Late Antiquity has given historiography of ethnic identities new areas of research to explore. This process gets even more complicated with the interference of modern international politics and historians of the Early Middle Ages recently find themselves and their research at the center of contemporary political debates  [51]  . One can discern a pseudo-history in the making, which serves political and nationalistic purposes in the sense that it tries to define distinct nations that were created centuries ago once and for all. Another assumption is that by right these nations should form separate political entities, according to their defined ethnicity and territory.  [52]   To sum up, the search for continuity of the Late Antique scholars might not have been successful in the field of fiscal policies and accommodation but it ascertained the fact that we cannot presume long histories and ethnic identities of the Germanic peoples. This certainly confirmed transformation instead of catastrophe and crisis for some aspects of the fourth and fifth centuries but it surely proved that there was much discontinuity and heterogeneity concerning the notion of identity.  [53]  And since the Early Middle Ages are of such a great importance in the international political stage, scholars of the period should benefit from the results of research in this field in order to prevent their academic field from becoming a plaything in the hands of international politics. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Projecting their own experiences on another period of time (as historians often do)

Personal Learning Plan To Becoming A Nurse Practitioner

Personal Learning Plan To Becoming A Nurse Practitioner This assignment discusses my Personal Learning Plan (PLP). It examines the rationale for development, justifying why I have not only chosen to undertake Nurse Practitioner (NP) studies, but this course in particular, along with its prescriptive modules and my choice of Extended Nurse Prescribing as the only optional module. I have informally and theoretically identified my learning style as practical, which rationalises the above choices, discussed further in this assignment. At present, I work as the sole Occupational Health (OH) Nurse for the head office of a large London-based media organisation which is a subsidiary company of the FTSE 250 (Financial Times Stock Exchange) listed business. There are an estimated 3000 employees on-site; a catchment size similar to a small GP surgery, with a further 1100 employees regionally, to which telephone/e-mail support is available. 2.2 Link to primary health care Due to the generally low hazard working environment, and as an OH initiative to keep employees well and at work, I largely act as a Practice Nurse (PN) by bringing primary health care (PHC) to the workplace. Care includes treatment and/or advice for minor ailments and injuries; health monitoring and promotion; vaccinations and follow-up care such as wound and ear care. I am supported by a full-time Receptionist, and together we facilitate three afternoon GP clinics per week by two visiting private General Practitioners (GPs). This unique service is carried over from the old Factory Nurse role and outdated in todays OH remit (Bagley, 2008). Occupational Health (OH) Nurses are now moving away from a traditional clinical function (Richardson, 2008). However, whilst the service is promoted as a complement and not a replacement of employees National Health Service (NHS) GP surgeries, it is maintained that it is not in the OH remit to replace services provided by the NHS (Lewis Thornbory, 2006). Yet, in Dame Carol Blacks review of the health of the working population, the report welcome[d] and encourage[d] (Black, 2008: 49) employers offering GP consultations in the workplace, as an initiative towards health and wellbeing for a healthy workforce. Given the waking hours spent at work, and with most GP surgeries closed for the majority of weekends and after hours, the workplace is an ideal setting to target health and wellbeing (Department of Health, 2004), along with prevention and treatment of ill-health. Such a service has potential benefits and opportunities for employees, businesses and NHS services. However, effective communication between all parties involved, is crucial. I make it a priority in my practice to engage in effective communication between both our on-site health professionals, and employees off-site NHS and private health professionals. 2.3 Strengths and weaknesses To fulfil the above role, I was equipped with a Bachelor of Nursing, with the knowledge and skills to care for adult patients in an acute care setting. Although I went on to specialise in critical care, further development was only accessible through in-house training, on-the-job experience, self directed learning and reflection. When I moved to the United Kingdom, I fell into PHC through an agency placement, which was to cover an extended period of leave on the print side of the business. Again, I was working as the sole Nurse, with a private GP visiting once a month. Despite this placement being completely out of my depth and somewhat daunting, I enjoyed the break from acute care, and thrived on the autonomy and diversity of the role. However, this was compromised with a lack of confidence, not having any prior experience, and heightened by working alone. The next section discusses the rationale for my development having been taken on in permanent employment as the sole OH Nurse. 3.0 PERSONAL LEARNING PLAN 3.1 Rationale for development The move to PHC from acute and critical care knowledge and experience prompted a significant need for learning and development. There was no support from management in the sense of allowing study leave or time off work to attend practice-related conferences, and any learning was on-the-job or self directed with no colleagues to facilitate development. One of the main reasons why I took up a position at head office to restructure their OH Department, was that the importance of professional development was not only understood, but both promoted and encouraged. In addition to my gap in knowledge and because I worked alone, I wanted to take my service to the next level, to provide greater satisfaction to both patients and myself by being able to complete the full cycle of health care. For example, rather than advising patients that it sounded like they had a chest infection and should therefore arrange an appointment with the visiting GP (or to see their NHS GP), I would be able to diagnose and prescribe on the spot. This call for development reflects Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, which outlines an aim to bring the Esteem level of confidence, independence and achievement into balance, while also building towards the Self-actualisation level of creativity, problem solving and acceptance of facts (Maslow, 1943). The Self-actualisation level can also be interpreted as my Masters dissertation. Furthermore, ten years have lapsed since completing my Bachelors degree, and I felt stale, very eager to study again, and to learn more about the NHS system. 3.2 Course selection I began investigating NP courses in London. Prior to this course, I had informally identified my learning style as being practical, and set about finding the most hands on course (see Appendix 1 2 for course enquiry and application, with the relevant sections highlighted in blue). This course was therefore selected as the most practical, rather than theoretical, managerial or reflective. I wanted to be able to apply skills in the clinic as I was learning, and definitively at the end of the course. Through Philosophy Politics of Primary Health Care (Philpol), I have realised that my learning so far in PHC replicates Kolbs The Lewinian Experiential Learning Cycle, whereby knowledge is gained through experience (Kolb, 1984). This is further backed by Omrods behavioural definition of learning, again linking learning to experience (Omrod, 2004). Yet, according to Honey Mumford (1992), my learning style is Pragmatic, followed very closely by Reflective. By this model, it means I am generally proactive in attempting new ideas, concepts and practices, and eager to apply them. A Reflector contemplates experiences both personal and those of others, and weighs up all possibilities before coming to a decision. Taken together, pragmatic and reflective learning styles demonstrate a careful and practical approach, with which I concur. 3.3 Modules selected The NP route of the Masters of Science in Primary Care is a very prescriptive course, with only one optional module. This is to satisfy the Royal College of Nursings (RCN) requirements based on international competencies, to qualify as an approved course. In addition, should the Nursing Midwifery Council open up a separate part of the register acknowledging the advanced role of NPs, an RCN approved course will be a pre-requisite requirement (Queen Mary, University of London, 2009). The term NP is currently being loosely applied to Nurses with autonomy and/or experience. Therefore, the term Advanced NP is replacing NP, where Nurses have both formal training, and are working in an advanced role (RCN, 2008). Through Research Methods 1, I have gained the skills to recognise the different methods and approaches to research, and how to read a paper. These skills have enabled me to critically evaluate a paper, distinguish between good and poor research, and to determine whether a papers findings are credible, and should be applied in my practice. Philpol has laid a foundation in my gap in knowledge of PHC structures and policies, including an appreciation of the NHS, its history, services, how it works, and potentially, where it can all go wrong. Some of the most interesting learning has been in discussion and debates with fellow students. Our diverse backgrounds and individual functions in PHC, has been valuable to hear about each others roles and experiences. Physical Assessment 1 and 2, and both the Biological Foundations and Pharmacology in Clinical Practice will provide a much needed brush up in theory, and advance my current knowledge. During my Bachelor degree, learning was largely based on fact recall for exams and practicals. It is because of this, that I am now questioning my actual understanding, which I hope to overcome by these modules. This is a shift from my former academic learning experience to Engels Learning for Understanding, where the emphasis lies in understanding rather than recollection of facts (Engel, 1997). It perhaps also highlights the difference between studying for a Bachelor and a Masters degree. I anticipate that Clinical Practice will be one of the most important modules for me, to be able to apply what I have learnt. In past experience as a nursing student, clinical practice has been where all teachings have made sense rather than exams or assessments. I learn best through a hands on approach, and in past clinical practice modules, it has precipitated interest and knowledge beyond expected outcomes. For my optional module, I have chosen Extended Nurse Prescribing in order to be able to complete the full cycle in a consultation: to be able to prescribe to enhance independence and autonomy in my practice. I have already given my dissertation much thought, hoping to research into our unique OH service, ideally being able publish at the end, and promote our model. At present, my research question is: What are the perceptions of both employees and managers on the provision of a GP and PN in the workplace for a media organisation in London? I propose to conduct this research via an online survey to our employees and Managers with a mixed methods approach: both clicking on answers (quantitative), and asking participants for their thoughts (qualitative). I look forward to the challenges that this PLP presents, but more importantly, the opportunities and stimulation that will arise from my development.

Physics Of Bowling Essay -- Physics Bowling Science Essays

Physics Of Bowling The one thing that interests me is bowling. I have been playing all my life and after a whole semester and a half of being in Mr. Fetter’s class, I realized that everything has physics in it. One night after going bowling with my girlfriend(s) I wondered why when I hit the first pin, only seven went down and thus I lost the game. So, I got on the Internet and found a lot of articles and web sites talking about the physics of bowling. A lot of the web sites were brief descriptions. A guy named Paul Durbin wrote many articles on physics. One of his articles he discussed was about bowling. He mentioned one thing we already went over this semester in physics class. But it seems to me that he neglected to mention other forces the play a big role in bowling and the physics behind it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin said â€Å"In order to accelerate, you need a net force. As soon as I let go of the bowling ball, it’s accelerating. As soon as your fingers are out of the holes, the ball is at its highest point of acceleration (p.2).† According to the author, gravity is the net force acting upon an object, which means it is accelerating. The swinging of my arm (back the forward) being the net force. When my fingers leave the hole, it’s accelerating. Now, how fast it goes is determined on how fast you swing your arm and let go. Now that’s all Durbin basically said on bowling. But I realized that Newton’s Laws, momentum, kinetic and potential energy all have their role in bowling too. Durbin was correct when he explained acceleration. Let me tell you a little something on acceleration. Acceleration is the rate at which the velocity is changing. Because acceleration is a rate, it is measured of how fast the velocity is changing with respect to time of course. The key idea that defines acceleration is change. Whenever we change our state of motion, we are accelerating. A bowling ball that can accelerate fast has the ability to change its velocity pretty fast. A bowling ball that can go from zero to 5 mph in .5 seconds has a greater acceleration than another ball let go by another player that can go from zero to 7 mph in 1 second. (We learned about this in class). So having a high acceleration is being quick to change and not always fast. Acceleration applies to changes in direction as well as changes in speed. When you let go of the bowling ball at a constant speed o... ...t the total amount of energy never changes. Let’s assume that the cue ball has 10J of PE. As it’s hit, PE is at its highest (10J). When the ball is going down the alley, the sum of the ball’s PE and KE remains constant at successive positions  ¼,  ½,  ¾, and all the way down. (This I also read ahead and found in the book). As soon as the ball has reached its highest point, PE and KE are equal (5J), and on the way down KE increases as PE decreases. When the ball lands, KE is 10J and PE is 0. Law of Conservation of Momentum:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the absence of an external force, the momentum of a system remains unchanged. When you hit the cue ball, you have a natural follow through. When you apply that torque (extending the elbow), your momentum changes. You can see that if no net force or impulse acts on a system, then the momentum of that system cannot change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some of things mentioned, are things we know that happen, but we don't know why, and usually never wonder why, but for all things, there are explanations, which some of the secrets of mother nature were revealed here. Just remember that there are physics behind whatever you do or see including bowling with your girlfriend(s).

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For this newspaper report I have selected two ads for trips to Greece in the Greek newspaper, the Orthodox Observer. The travel agencies here are "MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" and "PHAROS TRAVEL". Both ads offer trips to Greece with really good deals from all over the United States. "Markos Travel Service" offers non-stop flights on Jumbo 747 with Olympic Airways and says that it has unbelievable low rates from anywhere in the United States. The prices at "Markos Travel Service start from $289.00 the one way ticket which departs from New York (JFK) and arrives in Athens Greece, and the round trip ticket starts from $489.00. Now with "PHAROS TRAVEL" he has the one way ticket $299.00 and the round trip $498.00 plus tax (which usually the tax ranges between $40-60.00 .This travel agency ad tells us about the children's fare too and it also gives a 20% off discount to all corporate accounts with either domestic or international trips. It also deals with add on from all over the United States too and it actually gives us the prices to it. "MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" doesn't show these features in its ad not even for the children's price or the discount price. Another difference between the two is that "MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" has only one office in Connecticut but "PHAROS TRAVEL" has two locations, one in Manhattan and the other one in Astoria, which makes it much more easier to go too. Both of the travel agencies ads gives us a nation wide toll-free number so you can call them from wherever you are without you being charged. I consider the "PHAROS TRAVEL" ad much more effective than the "MARKOS SERVICE TRAVEL" because first of all "PHAROS TRAVEL" is much more known and has many more years than "MARKOS SERVICE TRAVEL" in business. Also because its ad has everything basically there about what you need to know, far more details and I can say more reasonable prices. "MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" may have on the add cheaper prices but when you call in Advertising :: essays research papers For this newspaper report I have selected two ads for trips to Greece in the Greek newspaper, the Orthodox Observer. The travel agencies here are "MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" and "PHAROS TRAVEL". Both ads offer trips to Greece with really good deals from all over the United States. "Markos Travel Service" offers non-stop flights on Jumbo 747 with Olympic Airways and says that it has unbelievable low rates from anywhere in the United States. The prices at "Markos Travel Service start from $289.00 the one way ticket which departs from New York (JFK) and arrives in Athens Greece, and the round trip ticket starts from $489.00. Now with "PHAROS TRAVEL" he has the one way ticket $299.00 and the round trip $498.00 plus tax (which usually the tax ranges between $40-60.00 .This travel agency ad tells us about the children's fare too and it also gives a 20% off discount to all corporate accounts with either domestic or international trips. It also deals with add on from all over the United States too and it actually gives us the prices to it. "MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" doesn't show these features in its ad not even for the children's price or the discount price. Another difference between the two is that "MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" has only one office in Connecticut but "PHAROS TRAVEL" has two locations, one in Manhattan and the other one in Astoria, which makes it much more easier to go too. Both of the travel agencies ads gives us a nation wide toll-free number so you can call them from wherever you are without you being charged. I consider the "PHAROS TRAVEL" ad much more effective than the "MARKOS SERVICE TRAVEL" because first of all "PHAROS TRAVEL" is much more known and has many more years than "MARKOS SERVICE TRAVEL" in business. Also because its ad has everything basically there about what you need to know, far more details and I can say more reasonable prices. "MARKOS TRAVEL SERVICE" may have on the add cheaper prices but when you call in

Forensic Evidence is Vital to Criminal Investigations Essay -- Forensi

At every crime scene there is evidence and evidence is the vital part of crime scene investigation. From the time an officer arrives on the scene until a conviction of the perpetrator evidence is the key element in determining the guilt or innocence of those accused. A poorly conducted crime scene investigation can sometimes either destroy evidence or render it useless. The possibility of tainted evidence, miss-handled evidence, or lack of evidence, the guilty can go free or the wrongful convicted. When someone is convicted or acquitted wrongly it has an adverse effect on the entire criminal justice system. Evidence can range from body fluids, to weapons, to witnesses and DNA. Understanding and implementing the proper logistics of crime evidence and the proper use of forensic technology is the key. Evidence can not only establish the facts of an offense and identify the offender; it may even lead to a conviction. A Crime Scene Investigator must first approach the crime scene as if it is their only opportunity to protect and retrieve physical evidence. There are special technics and tools that crime scene investigators use to retrieve, preserve, and label all types of evidence (for lists of Crime Scene Equipment see Appendix A). The general protocol for crime scene investigation, processing, and analysis involves five basic steps: interview, examine, photograph, sketch and process (Berg, 2008). When looking at the crime scene it needs to be looked at with fresh eyes and without a prejudiced opinion of what happened, how it happened, or who might have done it. A conclusion may be based solely on the evidence and so an investigators integrity and judgment, gathering the evidence, maybe what stands between a conviction and a dis... ... National Institute of Justice. (2007, October). Forensic Databases: Paint, Shoe Prints and Beyond. Retrieved March 3, 2012, from NIJ Journal No. 258: http://www.nij.gov/journals/258/forensic-databases.html North Carolina General Assembly. (n.d.). Admissibility of Forensic Evidence. Retrieved March 5, 2012, from Article 7 C .8 58.20: http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_8/GS_8-58.20.html North Carolina General Assembly. (n.d.). Evidence Code Article 1. Retrieved March 5, 2012, from Chapter 8c-1.: http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/PDF/ByChapter/Chapter_8C.pdf North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation. (2010, January). Evidence Guide. Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://www.iape.org/manuals/No%20Carolina%20Evidence%20Guide%20(2010).pdf Siegel, L. J. (2011). Criminal Justice. Belmont: Wadsworth.

Reading for Pleasure Can Be Better Develped in Imagination and Language Sklls Than Watching Tv

Today, I will talk about an ancient city of China—Langzhong. My purpose in giving this presentation is to show you detailed geographic features of Langzhong, and recommend this famous place to you for travelling, so this presentation will have two parts, that is geography and tourism. Different from big modern cities, ancient cities can offer tourists an incredible variety of special sights and activities. This city is often referred to as a famous historical town. It’s one of the best preserved ancient towns in China. Langzhong city is a 2300-year-old city located in Nanchong, Sichuan Province.It is located in the north-east of the Sichuan basin and the middle reach of the Jialing River. The city is known as the wonderland of Sichuan. In terms of the geography of Langzhong, it is best to imagine the area as a main center surrounded by countless mountains and rivers with the northern part is higher than the southern part. Langzhong has plenty of natural resources such a s water resources, mineral resources and open space. Langzhong’s numerous rivers also ensure that our whole country has a major source of hydroelectric power. The government is also reclaiming these open spaces to improve agriculture.What’s more, Langzhong is rich in oil, gas, and gold. When people refer to Langzhong, they always talk about its long history. It was given the title of the best preserved ancient city around the world by the United Nations. As a travelling destination, Langzhong has something to offer almost every visitor. The first place that gives me a deep impression is Huaguang Tower. Huaguang Tower is also named Southern Tower or Zhenjiang Tower. It was first built in the Tang Dynasty, but it suffered several fires and was rebuilt repeatedly by past dynasties.The existing tower was renovated in the sixth year of the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. The base of the tower is 5 meters high and the total height is 25. 5 meters. With a three-layered ro of, the tower seems tall and straight as well as elegant and delicate. It has unique architectural features of the Tang Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, winning the reputation of â€Å" the number one tower of Langyuan Garden†. In addition, few Langzhong sites are as impressive as the pavilion of Prince Teng, you can climb the pavilion to see the whole scenery of Langzhong City.The famous Chinese poet DuFu wrote an essay to praise this tower’s elegance and uniqueness highly–â€Å"The mountain is cloud-kissing, and people ascend it to enjoy a distant view. † If you want to know a lot about Chinese history and you are interested in the Han Dynasty, you can’t miss the chance to visit the Temple of Zhangfei. This temple has a history of 1700 years. It is well-known for its striking architecture, beautiful calligraphy, exhibition, and long history. Langzhong city is also famous for its examination hall.This hall was a special place for the imperial competi tive examination, which selected the most talented people and sent them to the emperor. Langzhong was called the town of number one scholars because it had so many geniuses who made great contribution to the entire world. What’s more, my favorites are the ancient streets and ancient houses. The preservation of the ancient city is a precious legacy for our whole world. Historians can learn a lot from this city. As for me, when I walked into the city, I simply wanted to spend a whole day strolling along the streets with my best friends.You can also take a boat to enjoy the scenery of Langzhong city along the Jialing River. This city is more peaceful than Lijing ancient city. Another thing the city has to offer is its excellent food. You can have a barbecue at night and drink specially-made plum wine or a beverage made of vinegar, both of which are delicious. The chafing dish has local features that are totally different from what I have ever eaten. That’s why I really wa nt to recommend it to you. There are some Langzhong’s tourist attractions, now, I want to talk about my trip to Langzhong. On that trip, I travelled with five friends.It was the first time that we took a trip without parents. We had to arrange everything in advance, but to be honest, it was hard to depend on ourselves completely. Nevertheless, I still enjoyed the trip and had great fun with my friends. We could visit any place we are interested in without a touring party. I think you can imagine how free we felt. In fact, I was not very close with two of those guys. Although we were classmates in middle school, we lost contact with each other after we graduated. After those five days, we had already become close friends and talked all the time.Yes, this trip was an valuable experience for me. Because of it, I understand it is difficult but important to be independent, I find it is so good to have such kind friends and I have fallen in love with this ancient city. It was just a five day long trip, but it becomes an precious part of my life. I know I will cherish it forever. That’s my speech. I hope everyone has learned something about Langzhong ancient city from it. If you want to experience the atmosphere of ancient China with your best friends, Langzhong is the place to do it! Thank you for your time.

Ang Lee’s Treatment of the Romance between his two Protagonists in “The Wedding Banquet”

Ang lee sides Treatment of the Romance amidst his cardinal Supporters in The Wedding fiestaIntroductionThe twain supporters in Ang lee(prenominal)s word-painting be Simon and Wai tung. These be cardinal merry counterbalance have a go at it forthrs from different separate of the universe, only populating in America. Ang lee treats capture a wide r come protrude of the closetine in the word picture as a intricate closeness partake non moreover two persons but in addition some other(prenominal) stakeholders in their lives, such(prenominal) as, friends and relations. In this essay, I sh tout ensemble show that Ang lee side treats tell apart subroutine as a multiform phenomenon that triumphs despite the obstructions.BodyHarmonizing to downwinds movie, the chi outhousee purpose complication is that Wai tung and Simon is a cheery twosome who lives in Manhattan. Wai Tungs p atomic number 18nts be mercenary and pauperism to see their son accept marr ied and bear them a grandchild in indian lodge to go on their mob line of descent. However, the jazz familiarity amongst Wai Tung and Simon is so wet that they limit to continue it, while they shade out for a solution that would affect Wais leavens. For case, the cheery twosome spends a potbelly of m maveny in individual nines with an bearing of acquiring Wai perfect bride. To cover up their amatory kind, Simon suggests that Wai Tung and Wei Wei, their renter who in addition has a romantic complication with a Caucasic liberal manly, prosecute in a antic finishual union. Wei Wei readily accepts the matrimony thought majorly because she is despairing to go on tarrying in America and so the demand for a light-green circuit board ( Hamamoto & A Liu 2000, p.265 ) .The matrimony in the midst of is in flow in a such a panache that the Wei Wei willing remain in America, Wais pargonnts will be gifted about the intelligence, and that she will go forth the two r ealise forces together ravish their romantic alliance. This is a plunder index finger of a tough whap kinship amid the supporters, as they be impulsive to take immense hazards in differentiate to stay happy together. The determination is a slippery one because it is against the in-migration ordinances to remain in the asseverate without a green card or proper mandate. Therefore, the two could be charged for fraud if the governments get wind of their programs. It is as well hazardous because it is against their parents motive to prosecute in a fraud matrimony. Nevertheless, the possible benefits if the planned matrimony tend to dominate the hazards and the trio move on with their programs ( Hamamoto & A Liu 2000, p.267 ) .Thinking they too lead to gull the governments, Wai and Wei Wei arrive at on familiarise with individually other in order to obtain the in-migration license. It is merely when Wais parents, the Gaos announce that they are winging in to go to the ir sons wedlock that everyone is impel into a terror. However, the program can mollify puzzle out efficaciously if merely the three plotters work hard to retrieve and make their functions for the two hebdomads the Gaos will be in the metropolis. The tear downts that follow seem to negatively impact the bask closeness amid Wai and Simon ( Hamamoto & A Liu 2000, p.277 ) .Their program about goes by dint of as Wai-Tungs parents fly in from mainland China for their sons wedding party. The luxuriant hymeneals feast causes so m all complications, as Wei Wei rapes the husband and becomes pregnant. Mr. Gao, Wai Tungs catch gets to cognize the integrity and sacrifices his traditions for his sons felicity by following Simon. Ang downwind depicts a same-sex whap liaison, surrounded by two work forces from different racial backgrounds. The enjoy amour mingled with Wei Wei and the Caucasic expectant manlike is inhi second baseed by the ethnic and racial difference ( Hama moto & A Liu 2000, p.275 ) .Besides, the spousals ceremonial takes topographic point without a enlistment. Simon offers to take them out for dinner and they act upon into Mr. Gaos old companion. The comrades thought to throw a nuptials feast for the twosome in honour of his old commanding officer, Mr. Gao puts the program hale program off balance. After a exuberant and intoxicant filled party, the nuptial twosome goes to bed, where things get complicated. In another(prenominal) attempted turn in purpose amidst Wei and Wai, the former rapes the groom and subsequently realizes that she is pregnant. As a consequence, this becomes a serious personal line of credit to the homosexual dealrs, as that would deteriorate their esteem family kinship. Simon gets annoyed by the bend of events, plausibly out of green-eyed monster.leeward anyway demonstrates bonk participation as a impulsive and that can irresistible. This is seen in the in the movie when when Simon and Wai are c aught by Mr Gao seeking to mouse into an afternoon sex session. This happens when the cheery twosome thinks that no 1 is in the house. The passionately kiss in the residence hall and deprive separately other as they climb the steps. Unfortunately, Mr. Gao is watching and their wardrobe have intercourse life purpose is discovered. Ang Lee treats fill in mapping between same sex persons as un welcome and immoral. This is seen by means of the manner he makes the characters in the movie behave. For case, Simon and Wai are in mysterious in sock with one another and hope to transport on their kin bum their parents back. This is because it is obvious that the parents will non O.K. of such a relationship, particularly today that they are tralatitious Chinese who want a grandchild ( Hamamoto & A Liu 2000, p.267 ) . Therefore, the movie indite depicts a cheery chicane passage of arms as a frailty in the society that the victims try difficult to mask it from everyone else.C ompared to Wong Kar-wais movie, In the Mood for bop, hit the hay map is brought approximately as a complicated matter between a pornographic male and adult female person, who are following door neighbours ( Marcus & A Nicholls 2004, p.545 ) . The supporters in this movie are cream puff Mo-wan who is a journalist, and Su Li-zhen who is a secretary in a transportation company ( Cui 2007, p.4 ) . The complication in their relationship lies in the manner the honor affair began. Leery that their several partners are rip offing on them, they unconsciously develop feelings for each other. Therefore, the supporters in the movie illustrate that love affair is self-generated and resistless ( grub 2007, p.65 ) .Ang Lee to a fault seems to be pass oning a vital message through love affair in the movie that nil stay concealed for long despite the involvement to make so. When Simon and Wais complicated love relationship is at long last discovered by Mr. Gao, it becomes clear that anyt hing done in secret can ever come out in the visible radiation that is truth ever triumphs. Even after his find, Mr. Gao tries to introduce the issue to himself without stating the married woman. This, nevertheless, does non stay a secret for long as Wai Tung succumbs to coerce and defeat of the secret and decides to secernate the female parent the truth. For case, after his male parents 2nd shot and obsess battles between him, Wei Wei and Simon, Wai opens up to the female parent who is absolutely surprised ( Hamamoto & A Liu 2000, p.268 ) .Correspondingly, Wong Kar-wai, demonstrates that love affair can non be hugger-mugger for long. In every bit much as the films supporters are seeking to conceal their love relationship, it in the end comes out in the unfastened for the neighbours to see. Although cream puff and Su are seeking to conceal their feelings from each other, they eventually decide to acknowledge it. Therefore, love affair is a natural phenomenon that is uncom plete difficult to conceal nor stamp garbage eat and that the earlier the stakeholders abstruse accept it, the split for the parties involved ( Martin & A Heinrich 2006, p.32 ) .Ang Lees movie besides dares to convey out love affair through an quaint manner gay relationship between the supporters. The society is evidently non amused by such a relationship and in circumstance discourages it by all agencies. However, through the movie, Jay Lee bravely makes it clear to the informant that cheery relationships are existent, no affair how hard the society efforts to stamp down it. Through the movie, Lee shows that love affair can be good between opposite sex persons every bit good as same sex spouses. For illustration, Wei Wei was in a romantic relationship with a Caucasic adult male, but her parents would non O.K. of the relationship. The same sex love affair is illustrated by the love between Simon and Wei ( Hamamoto & A Liu 2000, p.270 ) .On contrast, Wong Kar-wai, brings out love affair in a principle manner between a adult male and a adult female chuck and Su. Compared to the homosexual love affair between Simon and Wai, Chow and Sus relationship is acceptable in the society. However, the relationship is criticized by the sixtiess nonprogressive Chinese who find a golden relationship between a adult male and a adult female as Wyrd. In an attempt to hold on their relationship platonic, the two autumn for each other. Besides, they do non desire to crouch excessively low as their cheating partners, only the terminal up as lovers ( Chow 2007, p.65 ) .Even though the society disap rears of such relationships, Lee depicts that it wins despite all odds. This is illustrated by the instance of the two supporters in the film. Although Wais male parent is so appalled to detect the truth about his boy that he come acrosss a shot, he eventually accepts his position. He even goes to a owing(p) extent to back up him by following Simon as his boy. Likewise , Mrs. Gao learns to accept the state of personal matters. This makes the two vanquishers as their love relationship continues in malice of the social resistivity. Wong Kar-wai in the movie In the Mood for spang illustrates a normal love relationship between a adult male and a adult female Chow and Su ( Smith 2010, p.173 ) . The movie depicts the love affair between Chow and Su as triple-crown one in the beginning ( Deutelbaum & A Poague 2009, p.51 ) . Nevertheless, factors including hold and work affect their relationship a great trade. Chow decides to work in Singapore and leaves behind Su. Finally, the love affair between them of course dies ( Martin & A Heinrich 2006, p.56 ) .In add-on, Ang Lees treats love affair between the two supporters as a natural and self-generated phenomenon. It is exhibit as a state of affairs that exists between two persons who feel parking lot attractive force and trust between themselves without much attempt. As the movie unfolds, it is cle ar that the love affair between Simon and Wai started through a ring conversation. Lee uses borders as a symbol of cheery familiarity. The telephones besides enhance the being of the cupboard and unfavourably impact the familiarity. Besides, their first buss happens after both of them had a conversation to prove the cellular telephone that Simon bought Wai ( Hamamoto & A Liu 2000, p.275 ) .What is more, merely as in any other normal love relationship, Lee portrays the love affair between Simon and Wai as strong and existent. Normally, lovers tend to interchange gifts as an look of love. In this instance, Simon buys Wai a portable phone so as to heighten communicating between them. Furthermore, lovers in existent flavour scenario tend to make one another favours as a manner of exhibit their feelings. In this instance, Lee depicts a strong love love affair between the supporters through the same ( Hamamoto & A Liu 2000, p.275 ) .On the contrary, the cupboard love affair in the dr ama is besides facilitated by the telephone. Wais parents presence can be entangle in the homosexual relationship even before they land in sassy York. This happens through the late dark and long maintain calls, which serve to interfere with the duos slumber. As good, the homosexual relationship in the movie is created by telephone, which whitethorn be disembodied and romanticized, but can besides be free of a position of homosexual gender as merely sex cold, unemotional, and sterile. The conversation on phone aid to unify the characters and underlines their ignorance and isolation of each others feelings. For Wai, the telephone communicating helps to maintain prolong the cupboard ( Hamamoto & A Liu 2000, p.276 ) .In the movie, Jay Lee besides treats love affair as a phenomenon that cuts across racial boundaries in the universe. This is against the traditional position of looking at love affair as possible and should go on between two persons in spite of appearance one racial , spiritual, political, and societal association. The instance of Simon and Wai drives Lees message on love affair place. The fact that the two lovers come from different parts of the universe proves that love affair can absolutely go on across different elegances and races. Simon is an American piece Wai is an Asia, yet they are involved in a strong romantic relationship. Apart from being involved in a homosexual relationship, the two are cross-cultural lovers, something against the traditions of Wais conservative parents. The fact that Wais parents have ever been insistence him to read himself a perfect Chinese lady to get married and acquire them a grandchild confirms that they do non O.K. of a cross-cultural or cross-racial matrimony or love affair non to advert cheery matrimony. Therefore, Jay Lee treats the love affair in the movie as diverse phenomenon ( Hamamoto & A Liu 2000 p.274 ) .By contrast, Wong Kar-wai movie depicts a complicated love affair between a two Chinese p ersons, Chow and Su. While Lee shows that love affair knows no cultural, spiritual, political, geographical, and racial boundaries, Wong Kar-wai portrays a love affair that suffers because of work and geographical barriers. Chow and Sus love affair seems weakened by the distance that finally develops when Chow relocates to Singapore. This leaves the spectator ask whether the love affair was non merely meant for convenience as it looks superficial ( Chow 2007, p.65 ) .Further, Lees movie demonstrates that love affair can be and boom against all odds. This is illustrated when the supporters in the movie win in acquiring married. Wai and Simon madely maintain their relationship. Nevertheless, Wong Kar-wai shows that love affair is hindered by assorted factors including work and distance. For case, when Chow moves to Singapore for work, he leaves Su behind ( Martin & A Heinrich 2006, p.34 ) .What is more, Lee demonstrates love affair as a dear(p) matter. This implies that for love affair to thrive in any society, a batch of costs are incurred by the parties involved. Lee uses love affair between Simon and Wai to demo this. Since Wais household insist on him get marrieding a Chinese lady, the love affair between them greatly affected the household. In fact, their opposition to the homosexual love affair caused Mr. Gao to outlive a shot. However, because he wanted to disport his boy, he decides to give his cultural demands and adopts Simon so that he can be batch of the household. Similarly, Wong Kar-wai notes that successful love affair is dearly-won to the stakeholders involved. Chow and Sus love affair is dearly-won is the sense that they get marooned by work and distance. They besides suffer from neighbors examination due to the Chinese civilization ( Chow 2007, p.65 ) .DecisionClearly, love affair is depicted as a complicated matter by Ang Lees movie. the complication in this involves assorted facets intromit same-sex relationship, parents opposition, cultural beliefs, costs and forfeits that need to be made. Lee demonstrates that love affair is a natural, self-generated, and dearly-won phenomenon in the society. Besides, Lee shows that love affair can be between same sex persons, hence ensue in homosexual relationship as it happens between the supporters in the movie. It is besides likely in the movie that love affair can go on and thrive across political, cultural, societal, spiritual, and racial backgrounds, as it happens between Simon and Wai in the movie. This contrasts with Wong Kar-wais thought of accessible love affair hindered by distance and work-related factors. Although Wong Kar-wai s movie brings out normal love affair between a adult male and a adult female, the relationship fails every bit compared to the successful homosexual love affair in Ang Lees movie.MentionsChow, R 2007,Sentimental Fabulations, modern-day Chinese Films Attachment in the mount of Global Visibility, Columbia University Press, Michigan.pp .65-69.Cui, M 2007,The cinema of Wong Kar Wai Chinese and Western Culture Differences in Narrative Cinemas, Universal-Publishers, Sydney. Pp.4-9.Deutelbaum, M & A Poague, L 2009,A Hitchcock Reader, John Wiley & A Sons, New Jersey. Pp.51-59.Hamamoto, DY & A Liu, S 2000,Countervisions Asiatic American Film Criticism, Temple University Press, Hong Kong, Pp. 265-280.Marcus, L & A Nicholls, P 2004,The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century English Literature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Pp. 545.Martin, F & A Heinrich, L 2006,Corporal modernnesss materiality, representation, and Chinese civilizations, University of HawaiEi Press, Honolulu Pp. 30-70.Smith, WG 2010,Socrates and Subtitles A Philosopher s involve to 95 Challenging Movies from Around the World, McFarland, Hong Kong. pp. 173-187.